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Concerning Chinese Expansionism to the United States . video by Alice B. Clagett

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Concerning Chinese Expansionism to the United States

Image: “Self-Portrait 1,” by Alice B. Clagett, 2 January 2026, CC BY-SA 4.0 International, from “Awakening with Planet Earth,” https://awakeningwithplanetearth.com ..

Image: “Self-Portrait 1,” by Alice B. Clagett, 2 January 2026, CC BY-SA 4.0 International, from “Awakening with Planet Earth,” https://awakeningwithplanetearth.com ..

    • INTRODUCTION
    • VIDEO BY ALICE
    • SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO
      • INTRODUCTION
      • GOOGLE AI RESEARCH
        • Sorcery
        • Triads – Crime Gangs
        • Infiltration by Strongmen – Sorcerers
        • Crimes by Triads
        • Can Triad Members Buy Their Way Out of Prison?
        • Libel and Slander Laws
      • PSYCHIC IMPRESSIONS
        • Face
        • Child Rearing
        • Black Dragons
        • Child Exploitation
        • Land Use
        • Could a Triad Stage a Bloodless Coup?
        • Triad House by House Takeover of a Port City?
        • Surveillance Devices and Financial Accounts
        • Stealth Genocide by Triads
      • CONCLUSION
    • OUTLINE OF THE VIDEO
    • VIDEO CREDITS
    • MORE INFORMATION

INTRODUCTION

Dear Ones,

This is about cultural and legal differences amongst China, Hong Kong, and the United States and how these are playing out during the trade war with its tariff increases here in the United States.

There is a Summary after the video.

VIDEO BY ALICE

This is the WordPress version …

This is the youtube version: https://youtu.be/lUwgJ9R19HU ..

SUMMARY OF THE VIDEO

“CONCERNING CHINESE EXPANSIONISM TO THE UNITED STATES”
A video by Alice B. Clagett

 INTRODUCTION

Hi everyone, it’s Alice. I Am of the Stars.

I’ve come to some startling realizations regarding the differences between China and the United States, and I thought I’d share them with you.

I think here in America, we celebrate diversity, but we don’t recognize the importance of sorting through diversity and how different cultures react against each other. And we need to address the diversity as a problem as well as a celebration, so that we can come to a deeper understanding each of the other culture.

I’m going to put first the information that I researched last night. This is substantiated by Google AI information that I’m going to put on my website at the bottom of the page, under “More Information.” Then I’m going to put down what’s more like Psychic Impressions as a separate section. Then there will be a Conclusion based on both of these.

So you’ll know what Google AI feels to be so or what’s the current state of awareness of what’s so in the internet industry. And you’ll also be able to benefit insofar as it’s truthful from my psychic impressions. You’ll be able to sort through the two and weight my discussion in the manner that’s suitable for your own understanding of these things.

GOOGLE AI RESEARCH

Okay. So now this is what I learned from my reading last night …

These two cultures are very different and and they’re competitive. The governments of the two countries are using the differences between the two cultures as tools or pry bars during the trade war and during the ongoing conflict. And many things are happening that are not being talked about in the media.

Sorcery

The issue of sorcery: In China, sorcery is a crime. And in Hong Kong and the United States, they protect sorcery as a religion. However, they feel that crimes committed by sorcerers should be treated equally under the law according to the laws of their countries. You see? They treat the behavior of the sorcerers and not the sorcery.

So, China knows that sorcery is a potent power for evil in the world. But the United States does not understand this.

Triads – Crime Gangs

In addition, there are these groups called Triads which are crime gangs in China. These Triads use sorcery in some cases … these days, not so much, but a great deal so in in the past.

Infiltration of the United States by Strongmen – Sorcerers

China aligns with these Triads as strongmen … or you could say sorcerers and people who practice witchcraft … which they feel to be a true and potent power … and sends them to other countries such as the United States and countries worldwide to wreak havoc on those countries on behalf of China. So to some extent China aligns with the strongmen in their own country and sends them abroad.

Crimes by Triads

The Triads practice crimes such as money laundering, child exploitation, fencing of stolen goods, and many other crimes that are very grave crimes here in the United States. And so if they do that, they can be captured here in the United States and exported.

Can Triad Members Buy Their Way Out of Prison?

I do have a question. If they go back to the place where they came from, such as Hong Kong or China, can they buy their way back here for an amount of money that they’ve set aside in some other world bank just for that eventuality? I think that the answer is yes, but I don’t see it online.

Okay. So, there’s this issue of sorcery being different.

Libel and Slander Laws

I found out this morning that the laws regarding libel and slander in the United States are considerably different from those in China and Hong Kong. In the United States, they’re primarily a matter of civil recourse. In China and in Hong Kong, there are also criminal legal remedies.

So during a trade war between China and the United States this difference might be perceived as a weakness of the United States and it might be used to weaken people in the United States who are perceived to be a threat to an economic incursion.

They might be slandered. They might be libeled. Their character might be defamed under the notion that it’s more difficult to counteract these behaviors in the United States than it is in China and Hong Kong.

PSYCHIC IMPRESSIONS

Now, here’s a section more with psychic impressions that I’ve had over the years. I’m starting with that section right now.

Face

In China, loss of face is a very big thing. In the United States, it’s important, but it’s not world shatteringly important.

The need to save face can be used as a bargaining chip in our interactions with people from China. For instance, they may level a water use accusation against us that they want to report to the police. If we level a similar strength setback violation accusation against them, then in order to save face, they won’t go to the police. This has to do with territorial disputes amongst neighbors.

So then keeping in mind the value to save face, which is not immediately important to us, we can use this as a bargaining chip in our dealings with them.

Child Rearing

Then there’s another issue. There’s an issue about child rearing. Apparently in China mothers mother their children while they’re being breastfed for a couple of years and then after that they don’t treat them so much in a motherly fashion.

Here in the United States, I’m happy to say that many mothers … at least this is our ideal … love their children and help their children all their lives. So there’s a very great difference there in terms of motherly support and family support, between China and the United States.

And it could be that China’s emphasis on the importance of family has to do with their perception that our family togetherness throughout life is a strength of the United States.

Okay. So far we have sorcery, strongmen, all those crimes that syndicated crimes do … and in China, they’re called Triads.

Black Dragons

Here in Los Angeles, there was a Triad that was in the San Gabriel Valley and also in Los Angeles. Then at the turn of the century, around 2002, there was a big operation to take that crime gang out of action here in the Greater Los Angeles area. I found out so many things last night! And then I had these dreams in the morning.

Child Exploitation

Let’s see. You have motherly love. Yes, child exploitation is something that China is fighting against. But the Triads here in America, that are spreading out from China and from Hong Kong are, I feel, ruthlessly exploiting our children; ruthlessly so, I feel.

This is just an intuition that I have and I cannot prove it. But I think it has to do with the lack of motherly love in China that causes them to be more callous towards children than is the case here in the United States.

And our laws reflect our great concern for our children. There are very stiff laws here in California, for instance.

Land Use

So then we have, let’s see, land use. In China no one can own land. That’s not to say that there aren’t people who control the land in such a way that they might as well own it, I feel, but the ideal and the notion of the people is that no one can own their land.

And here in the United States, not only do we own land privately, but also we sell land to people in China.

In China, nobody owns land but the government. So essentially what happens when we allow Chinese to buy land from us is that we sell our land to the Chinese government.

This might be looked upon by China as a chance to accomplish a bloodless coup against a nitwit neighboring nation. They might feel we’re complete idiots to to sell our country bit by bit to a foreign power and that then they should take advantage of it.

Could a Triad Stage a Bloodless Coup?

So, say they engage with a a Triad crime organization which begins to buy up land in the United States. The land really belongs to the government of China if China takes over here.

But during the time that the Triad people live there, from their own point of view they’re leasing land from China. They don’t own it and pass it on, but they lease the land from China.

But here in the United States, the laws are such that you have to pass the land on, say to a family member. I think the great point that we have here is that if we can enforce not giving the land to China, but rather to a particular family member or group, that’s the thing to do.

I think we need to look at trusts in land use, and see how that really pans out with regard to people who are of foreign nationality who purchase land here. That’s very important for America. for us to stay an American nation.

Triad House by House Takeover of a Port City?

Okay, here’s another scenario. This is a scenario of a house by house takeover of a port city in the United States on behalf of the Chinese government.

Say a Triad moves from house to house, killing the homeowners and then leasing the property to tenants. If they’re able to accomplish this in a neighborhood, then what they’re doing is they’re creating the Chinese ideal of land use here. You see?

So it might be looked at as an appropriate thing to do, you see? If that were so … if that were the mindset there, that it’s appropriate to do that … then we must be ever very cautious that such a scenario does not take place in the port towns of the United States.

Surveillance Devices and Financial Accounts

There’s also, as you know, the issue that I’ve spoken of in separate venues regarding surveillance systems and computers. The trouble is that the software we use to defend our homes and to do our finances online is owned by or might be susceptible to surveillance by Chinese groups.

And the Chinese groups, according to Chinese law, have to allow their data to be available to the Department of Defense in China. Do you see? So if a war is going on, all these factors are considerations.

Stealth Genocide by Triads

One thing that the Triads might do here in America, if they figured there was a war going on between China and America. even before we declared a trade war here, is that they might export some of their members to Los Angeles and other places to decimate the child population of United States citizens.

One way that’s done sometimes in the Orient is to castrate the boy children. And we may find if we look carefully into hospital records that men and boy children here in Los Angeles and elsewhere in the United States are being castrated.

Now, why are they being castrated? It’s so that they cannot have children. Okay? If they cannot have children, then the competing nation, the nation that is at war with us, will have children and those children will take over the United States if they are placed here. Do you understand?

It’s very basic. Genocide is a very basic way of acquiring another nation. But it can be done under wraps in this way by providing, for instance, sexual allurement as a way to attract young people. And then if the children are captured and castrated either they will die of of blood loss at that time or else if they survive they won’t be able to have children.

And so in the whole nation, if there are no children that can inseminate other children, then no more children can be produced, you understand? It’s an under the wraps way of taking over a nation.

We have to protect our children very carefully, okay? … and let them know the very great dangers of an undercover war, okay? … because our children are falling for it. This is my psychic impression. They’re falling for it by the dozens. A whole school class is gone by the 8th grade through being allured to a particular locale and there being drugged, being killed, or being castrated.

CONCLUSION

I know we as a nation have a tendency to look on the bright side and to forget about the bad stuff. I know it’s been a long time since we’ve had a war on our own turf. And what we’re dealing with is a mindset that believes this is not possible.

So, we have to turn it around. We have to protect our children. We have to protect ourselves. Okay?

God bless you all,
Keep you safe in this New Year,
And be with you
Through all your days.

In love, light, and joy,
This is Alice B. Clagett.
I Am of the Stars … and so are you.

See you at my website awakeningwithplanetearth.com, where we don’t usually talk about such gnarly topics.

Filmed and published on 2 January 2026; transcribed and youtube transcription edited on 3 January 2025
This is a high definition film.

VIDEO CREDITS

“Concerning Chinese Expansionism to the United States”
By Alice B. Clagett

Filmed and produced on 2 January 2026
Location: San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, CA

Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 International –
By Alice B. Clagett

Image: “Self-Portrait 2,” by Alice B. Clagett, 2 January 2026, CC BY-SA 4.0 International, from “Awakening with Planet Earth,” https://awakeningwithplanetearth.com ..

MORE INFORMATION

Here are the timeframes as described on youtube:

00:00 Introduction 01:43 Google AI Research Section 02:17 Sorcery 02:54 Triad Crime Gangs 03:11 Strongmen Invade United States 03:45 Crimes by Triads 04:09 Triad Prison Escape 04:34 Libel and Slander Laws 05:35 Psychic Impressions Section 05:46 Saving Face 06:45 Child Rearing 07:53 Black Dragons 08:21 Child Exploitation 09:05 Land Use 10:11 Bloodless Coup by Triads 11:24 Triad Takeover of a Port City 12:25 Security Cameras – Bank Accounts 13:16 Stealth Genocide by Triads 15:58 Conclusion

. . . . .

This was my research on Google AI yesterday … that which was pertinent to the video in this post.

Is it a crime to practice sorcery in Hong Kong?

“While Hong Kong doesn’t have a specific modern law explicitly banning “sorcery,” severe forms of it, especially those involving harm, fraud, or linking to unlawful societies (like triads), are criminalized under existing laws, drawing from historical Chinese prohibitions on “wugu” (black magic) and the Societies Ordinance, meaning certain magical practices can lead to prison time, particularly if they cause physical harm or are associated with organized crime.

What’s Criminalized (Likely):

  • Wugu/Black Magic: Practices like “ku poisoning,” human sacrifice for magical purposes, or employing curses causing severe harm (like nightmare demons or injury) were historically punishable under Chinese codes and remain illegal through general criminal statutes.
  • Unlawful Societies: If sorcery is tied to illegal triad activities or secret societies, participation or aiding them is a serious offense under the Societies Ordinance, carrying hefty fines and prison sentences (up to 7 years).
  • Fraud & Harm: Practices that defraud others (e.g., charging for fake cures) or cause actual physical or mental harm (e.g., severe psychological distress from curses) can be prosecuted under general laws.

What’s Generally Tolerated (But Monitored):

  • Folk Practices: Many traditional Chinese folk rituals, like “villain hitting” (打小人 – beating effigies to curse enemies), which are common in Hong Kong, are generally tolerated unless they cross into actual harm, fraud, or break other laws.
  • Cultural/Religious Practices: Officially recognized religions and certain cultural practices are protected, but those deemed “superstitious” or “cults” by authorities might face scrutiny, notes Wild Hunt.

In essence: Simple spells or charms are unlikely to be crimes, but if “sorcery” involves serious physical harm, large-scale fraud, or connections to organized crime, it becomes illegal in Hong Kong, drawing from both traditional Chinese legal concepts and modern criminal laws.”

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Is it a crime to practice sorcery in China?

“Yes, Chinese law forbids witchcraft and sorcery. Activities categorized by authorities as “superstition” and “evil cults”—which often include folk religious practices with perceived superstitious elements—can lead to criminal charges.

The government and the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) actively oppose these practices.

Legal and Political Context

  • “Superstition” and “Evil Cults”: The government often labels religious activities that fall outside the five officially recognized religions as “superstition”. These labels are used to prosecute individuals under anti-cult laws, as seen in cases involving shamans and other folk practitioners.
  • Political Crimes: Historically and currently, sorcery is often treated as a political or heretical crime, especially when it involves government officials. Senior officials have been jailed for corruption and accused of “superstition” as part of efforts to blacken their names and highlight wavering faith in the Communist Party’s ideology.
  • Targeting of Practices: The authorities have historically called for crackdowns on “witches, sorcerers, and other criminal elements who practice feudal superstition to engage in hooliganism, swindling and even go so far as to kill people”. This highlights that the concern is often tied to perceived social disorder or criminal activities associated with these beliefs.
  • Accusations: While the practice of sorcery is criminalized, it is also illegal in China to accuse someone of being a witch in a way that leads to social ostracization or harm. This law aims to prevent the type of social persecution (such as “witch hunts”) that can occur in rural communities.

In essence, while general folk beliefs are widespread in China, the state maintains strict control over what is considered acceptable practice and actively criminalizes activities it deems “sorcery” or “superstition,” particularly if they challenge state authority or are associated with criminal behavior.”

……………………………………….

Are Hong Kong laws about sorcery different from those in China Mainland?

“Yes, Hong Kong’s laws regarding “sorcery” differ significantly from mainland China’s due to its separate legal system (common law) and “One Country, Two Systems” framework, where mainland China generally prohibits such practices as superstitious and harmful, while Hong Kong deals with related acts under broader criminal laws like assault, fraud, or importation of harmful substances, rather than specifically banning “sorcery” itself, though its media regulations have banned supernatural themes. Mainland China explicitly forbids “witchcraft and other instances of feudal, supernatural beliefs,” while Hong Kong focuses on the harm caused by alleged magical practices, like poisoning food with bodily fluids.

Mainland China’s Approach

  • Explicit Ban: Chinese law prohibits “witchcraft and other instances of feudal, supernatural beliefs” and views them as harmful superstitions, often cracking down on “evil cults”.
  • Focus on Ideology: The goal is ideological control and promoting socialist values, discouraging practices deemed backward or superstitious.

Hong Kong’s Approach

  • Common Law System: Hong Kong uses the common law system, distinct from mainland China’s civil law system, focusing on common law principles.
  • No Specific “Sorcery” Law: There isn’t a specific law against “sorcery”; instead, acts like placing bodily fluids in food (believed to be for curses) are prosecuted under existing criminal laws, such as those for assault, poisoning, or causing public nuisance, as seen with domestic workers.
  • Media Censorship (Historical/Current): While not a criminal law, Hong Kong’s media regulations (influenced by mainland policies) have historically banned content promoting “supernatural beliefs,” though this is more about media content than criminalizing belief.

Key Difference

  • Mainland China bans the belief and practice as superstitious ideology.
  • Hong Kong prosecutes the actions resulting from such beliefs (e.g., poisoning) under general criminal statutes, treating them as harmful acts rather than purely supernatural offenses.”

……………………………

Is it a crime to practice sorcery in the United States?

“No, practicing sorcery (or witchcraft) itself is generally not a crime in the U.S. due to First Amendment religious protections, but laws against fraud, deception, and harming others still apply, and some local ordinances (like old bans on fortune-telling) have existed, though they are being repealed. While historical laws criminalized witchcraft, modern U.S. courts recognize witchcraft as a legitimate religion, but actions like scamming people under the guise of magic, or engaging in illegal rituals (like prohibited animal sacrifice), are prosecutable offenses.

Key Points:

  • Religious Freedom: The First Amendment protects witchcraft as a religious practice, similar to other faiths, in the U.S..
  • No Federal Witchcraft Law: There are no federal laws making witchcraft illegal.
  • Local Exceptions/History: Some towns, like Millsboro, Delaware, had outdated bans on fortune-telling or “pretend” magic, but these are being removed, notes this A&E article.
  • Fraud & Harm are Illegal: If someone uses “sorcery” to defraud, scam, or harm another person (e.g., financial fraud, harassment), those specific criminal acts are prosecuted, not the belief in witchcraft itself, according to JustAnswer users.
  • Historical Context: Laws criminalizing witchcraft in the American colonies (like those leading to the Salem Witch Trials) are long gone, though they show the historical roots of such prohibitions.

In Summary: You can’t be arrested for being a witch, but you can be arrested for crimes committed while claiming to be one (like fraud).”

……………………………………….

China Triads

“Chinese Triads are transnational organized crime syndicates originating from secret societies in China, known for activities like extortion, drug trafficking, human trafficking, and controlling illicit businesses (gambling, loan sharking) across Greater China and the global Chinese diaspora, with major groups like 14K, Sun Yee On, and Wo Shing Wo engaging in both traditional underworld crimes and legitimate business fronts, especially in entertainment. They have complex hierarchical structures, use code names, and have deep roots in historical Chinese societies, evolving into powerful global criminal networks.

Key Aspects:

  • Origins & History:

Descended from anti-Qing secret societies (like the Heaven, Earth, and Man union), they flourished in Hong Kong and Macau, expanding globally through migration.

  • Major Groups:

Prominent Triads include 14K, Sun Yee On, Wo Shing Wo, and Shui Fong (Wo On Lok).

  • Activities:

Drug trafficking (heroin, ecstasy), extortion, loan sharking, human trafficking, illegal gambling, control of nightclubs, counterfeiting, and involvement in legitimate entertainment.

  • Structure:

Hierarchical, often using numerical codes (e.g., 489 for leader, 426 for enforcers/Red Poles) and roles like Incense Master (ceremonies) and Vanguard (recruiting).

  • Global Reach:

Operate in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia, North America (US, Canada), Europe (UK, Netherlands), Australia, and more.

  • Modern Operations:

Mix traditional crime with white-collar activities, money laundering, and control over legitimate businesses, especially in the HK/Taiwanese film/music industries.

In essence, Triads are highly organized, historically rooted Chinese criminal networks that have adapted to modern global crime and commerce.”

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Triad (organized crime)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_(organised_crime) …

“Chinese government connections

Due to their history of “patriotic” work in support of various political movements and factions, triads have long been reported to have connections to the Chinese Communist Party, often via its related united front groups.[12][62][63][14] According to The Washington Post, the Chinese government has engaged in the “selective use or tolerance of criminal groups for geopolitical purposes. Mixing illicit activity and patriotism has become a hallmark of some Chinese organizations with overseas interests.”[64] Triad members have acted as agents of the party-state in achieving its political objectives of suppressing dissent, quelling protests and silencing, intimidating, and coercing critics both at home and abroad, particularly in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and countries with high concentrations of ethnic Chinese diaspora.[11][65][66]  …

… Many triads emigrated to Taiwan and Chinese communities worldwide:

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Black Dragons (gang)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dragons_(gang)

“The Black Dragons (Chinese: 黑龍; Jyutping: Haak1 Lung4) was a Chinese-American criminal organization and street gang that was formed in 1980 by Chinese immigrants in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles, California. It was started by a group of young men who banded together to protect themselves from other Asian and Latino gangs. The Black Dragons operated in Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley for over two decades. At the gang’s peak it had over 100 core members. They may sometimes be identified by the color black. During their downfall in 2002, the convicted core members have made peace and united with other Asian rival gangs in prison. Over the years, One Black Dragon, ( have made allies with numerous leaders and high ranking members of previous rival organizations, this member’s information from a reliable source. This member is also a member of the Hop Sing Tong, The Bamboo Triad’s current leader ( 黃少岑 (Huang Shao-tsen), “Yao Yao”) is also his god father, has family ties with the Asian Boyz Gang, and relations with Vietnamese Boyz Gang, Cool Boyz, and Wah Ching.

The gang preyed on the Asian American communities as a source of income and is unique compared to other Asian crime groups as they were involved in both organized and street-level crime. The revenue from organized crime came mainly from extorting brothels, prostitution, money laundering, the distribution of narcotics, and counterfeiting merchandise. At street-level, the gang was involved in a wide range of crimes that included murder, robbery, home invasion and car theft.

The Black Dragon’s influence was strong in the San Gabriel Valley, during the mid-1990s until its previous downfall in 2002. After two decades, the gang gained the attention of federal authorities because of their involvement in violent criminal activities. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a case against the Black Dragons in 1999. The FBI then created the Black Dragon Task force and the three-year investigation dubbed “Operation Back Door” led to the convictions of multiple gang members, stemming from murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, extortion, illegal possession of firearms and Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) charges. The gang was taken down in one of the largest gang sweeps of 2002, as federal agents simultaneously raided and arrested 30 of its core members, following up with convictions for over half of them in 2003, including a twenty-four year sentence for each of the top three members of the gang.[2]

The gang had been identified as a top threat with a history of violence by various law enforcement agencies, according to FBI Agent Kerry Smith who headed a West Covina FBI unit that targets Asian criminal enterprise and violent crime. “These guys weren’t afraid to commit violence,” Smith said.[citation needed]”

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Wugu ku poisoning Nightmare Demons

“The terms “Wugu” (or simply “Gu” in many contexts), “poisoning,” and “Nightmare Demons” relate to a complex set of ancient Chinese beliefs surrounding a form of black magic, witchcraft, and the physical manifestations of severe illness and psychological distress.

Understanding Gu Poisoning

Gu (蠱, sometimes referred to as wugu or ku) is a legendary substance and practice rooted in Southern China folklore and traditional Chinese medicine, dating back as far as 610 CE.

  • Concoction: The core practice involved placing several venomous creatures, traditionally the “five poisons” (viper, centipede, scorpion, toad, and spider), into a sealed container and allowing them to fight and consume each other. The sole survivor’s essence or fluids were then used to create a potent poison.
  • Purpose: The gu was used to create a curse, inflict illness, control individuals, or cause misfortune and death. It was often associated with women of the Miao minority and linked to social stigmas.
  • Symptoms: Victims were said to experience severe internal pain, swelling, organ decay, and in some cases, insanity. The effects were slow-acting, sometimes taking up to ten days before symptoms appeared.

Connection to “Nightmare Demons”

The term “Nightmare Demons” likely stems from the description of the gu creatures as evil spirits or demons (chong 蟲) that possessed the human body, causing a range of physical and psychological torments.

  • Demonic Possession: Ancient texts described gu syndrome (gu zheng) as a form of “demonic infestation” (guizhu), where the “vicious parasites” or “evil spirits” were thought to gnaw at the victim from within.
  • Psychological Trauma: The psychological aspect of gu poisoning was significant. It was considered the “worst nightmare of any human being,” representing “darkness, rottenness, slithering vermin, poisonous snakes, betrayal, black magic, backstabbing murder and in medical terms, progressive organ decay accompanied by torturous pain and insanity”. The belief in gu was often fueled by superstitious fears and used by those wishing to hold power over others.

Modern Perspective

From a modern medical and scientific perspective, gu poisoning is largely considered a mythological belief or a misinterpretation of severe, chronic parasitic infections, such as schistosomiasis or entamoeba infections, that had become systemic in a patient. The symptoms aligned with those caused by aggressive helminthic, protozoan, fungal, spirochete, or viral afflictions prevalent in ancient times.”

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Are libel and slander crimes in China, Hong Kong, and the United States?

“Yes, libel and slander are crimes in mainland China and Hong Kong, but primarily civil matters in the United States, though some U.S. states have criminal libel laws; China and Hong Kong treat defamation more seriously, with potential imprisonment, especially for offenses impacting public order, unlike the U.S. where it’s generally a civil tort for reputation damage.

Mainland China

  • Yes, it’s both civil and criminal: Defamation can lead to imprisonment, especially if it seriously disturbs public order, involves large online dissemination, or damages national interests.
  • Criminal Penalties: Can include significant prison time (up to three years for “serious” cases) and administrative punishments like fines or detention.

Hong Kong

  • Yes, it’s both civil and criminal: Libel remains a crime under Hong Kong law, though rarely prosecuted criminally compared to civil actions for damages.
  • Civil Law: Based on English common law, with a focus on reputation damage, and unlike England, Hong Kong hasn’t adopted the “serious harm” threshold.

United States

  • Primarily Civil: Libel (written) and slander (spoken) are generally torts (civil wrongs) leading to lawsuits for damages, not criminal charges.
  • Criminal Libel (Rare): A few U.S. states retain criminal libel statutes, but these are rarely used and face significant First Amendment scrutiny, requiring extreme cases to be deemed criminal.”

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Here is another reference that I read …

Citation: “Triads,” by Peter Yam Tat-wing, Assistant Commissioner (Crime), Hong Kong Police Force Headquarters, Hong Kong

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Attribution: By Alice B. Clagett.
More license information
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United States, West Coast, California, Los Angeles, China, Hong Kong, sorcery, law, cults that kill, mind control cults, organized crime, triads, Black Dragon Triad, child-rearing, government, finance, real estate, economy, survival, social unrest, human rights, child trafficking, peace, trade war, psychic impressions, treason, sedition, bullying, slander, libel, defamation,

Notice: Changeup in the ‘Cull’ Category . by Alice B. Clagett

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Notice: Changeup in the 'Cull' Category

Notices

Dear Ones,

I noticed the subcategory ‘Cull’ was under the wrong category. I changed the name to Cull – victim to be slaughtered and placed the subcategory under Confidence games – Con artists … which is under the general heading Law ..

There are cross-references from Cull – victim to be slaughtered to these categories: Two for one woman game and Cults that kill – mind control cults ..

I note that the “Two-for one woman game” has to do with two men killing one woman. Cults that kill use the force of the entire group to murder their cull, which may be a man or a woman. So there are those differences.

In love, light and joy
This is Alice B. Clagett.
I Am of the Stars … and so are you!

Written and published on 20 December 2025

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Attribution: By Alice B. Clagett.
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notices, confidence games, cull, game playing, two for one woman game, law, cults that kill,

Penalties for Shooting Migratory Birds, Including Ravens, Songbirds, and Many Other Types of Birds . by Alice B. Clagett *

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What problem? Oh, the problem of ETs on Earth?
But what if the ETs are us humans?
What if all the beings on Earth are ETs?

Then again, what if, as the Buddhists say, all the beings on Earth are humans?
What if, as the Esotericists say, rocks are humans too? My gosh! Rock my world!

Image: “Raven Talk,” by Colin, 30 April 2016, in Wikimedia Commons … https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubilee_and_Munin,_Ravens,_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg … CC BY-SA 4.0 International … DESCRIPTION: “Jubilee and Munin, Ravens of the Tower of London. Jubilee was hatched in Somerset in 2012 and wears a gold band. He was given to the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee. Munin was hatched in North Uist in 1995 and wears a light green band. She is the oldest raven at the tower. Identification confirmed with Chris Skaife, Ravenmaster at the Tower.”

Image: “Raven Talk,” by Colin, 30 April 2016, in Wikimedia Commons … https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubilee_and_Munin,_Ravens,_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg … CC BY-SA 4.0 International … DESCRIPTION: “Jubilee and Munin, Ravens of the Tower of London. Jubilee was hatched in Somerset in 2012 and wears a gold band. He was given to the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee. Munin was hatched in North Uist in 1995 and wears a light green band. She is the oldest raven at the tower. Identification confirmed with Chris Skaife, Ravenmaster at the Tower.”

To turn off the background music that runs when this page starts, click once or twice on the arrow on the audio bar at the bottom of the page …

Dear Ones,

Just in case there should be a knee-jerk reaction to nuke all the birds in my neighborhood, I looked up penalties for shooting migratory birds. Since these are laws, I think I’m on the safe side to quote verbatim.

Here is what I found out …

Penalties for shooting migratory birds, including Ravens, Songbirds, and many other types of birds are as follows …

“Misdemeanor offenses shall be fines a maximum of $5000 and or imprisoned for not more than six months for individuals, or $10,000 fine for an organization.

“Felony offenses shall be fined maximum of $250,000 and/or imprisoned for not more than two years for an individual or $100,000 for an organization.

“All guns, nets, traps, and other equipment vessels, vehicles, and other means of transportation used by any person while pursuing, hunting, taking, trapping, ensnaring, capturing, killing, or in making any attempt thereof shall be forfeited to the United States and held under the authority of the Secretary of Interior.” — from https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal-provisions-us-criminal-code-title-18-and-other-statutes ..

Here is a List of Migratory Birds covered by the above penalties. Search by name of bird … e.g., Raven. If you find that bird on the list, then the penalties apply. …

Table 2 to Paragraph (c)(2)—Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Species scientific name Species common name
(i) Order Anseriformes
Family Anatidae
(1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
Dendrocygna autumnalis Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
(2) Subfamily Anserinae
Anser canagicus Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens Snow Goose.
Anser rossii Ross’s Goose.
Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla Brant.
Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan.
(3) Subfamily Anatinae
Cairina moschata Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula Garganey.
Spatula discors Blue-winged Teal.
Spatula cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera Gadwall.
Mareca falcata Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana American Wigeon.
Anas laysanensis Laysan Duck
Anas wyvilliana Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos Mallard.
Anas diazi Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria Canvasback.
Aythya americana Redhead.
Aythya ferina Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri Baer’s Pochard.
Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri Steller’s Eider.
Somateria fischeri Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis King Eider.
Somateria mollissima Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejneger Stejneger’s Scoter.
Melanitta nigra Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck.
Bucephala albeola Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica Barrow’s Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck.
(ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
Family Phoenicopteridae
Phoenicopterus ruber American Flamingo.
(iii) Order Podicipediformes
Family Podicipedidae
Tachybaptus dominicus Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii Clark’s Grebe.
(iv) Order Columbiformes
Family Columbidae
Patagioenas squamosa Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris Red-billed Pigeon.
Patagioenas inornata Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas fasciata Band-tailed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle-Dove.
Alopecoenas stairi Shy Ground Dove.
Alopecoenas xanthonurus White-throated Ground Dove.
Columbina inca Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti Ruddy Ground Dove.
Geotrygon montana Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
(v) Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae
(1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
Crotophaga ani Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris Groove-billed Ani.
(2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
Geococcyx californianus Greater Roadrunner.
(3) Subfamily Cuculinae
Urodynamis taitensis Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
(vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
Family Caprimulgidae
(1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
Chordeiles acutipennis Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii Antillean Nighthawk.
(2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
Nyctidromus albicollis Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis Chuck-will’s-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus Puerto Rican Nightjar.
Hydropsalis cayennensis White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka Gray Nightjar.
(vii) Order Apodiformes
(A) Family Apodidae
(1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
Cypseloides niger Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris White-collared Swift.
(2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s Swift.
Chaetura brachyura Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius White-rumped Swiftlet.
Aerodramus bartschi Mariana Swiftlet.
(3) Subfamily Apodinae
Apus apus Common Swift.
Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift.
Apus melba Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia Antillean Palm-Swift.
(B) Family Trochilidae
Subfamily Trochilinae
Colibri thalassinus Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens Rivoli’s Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer Lucifer Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna Anna’s Hummingbird.
Calypte costae Costa’s Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin Allen’s Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii Xantus’s Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
(viii) Order Gruiformes
(A) Family Rallidae
Gallirallus philippensis Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni Guam Rail.
Neocrex erythrops Paint-billed Crake.
Pardirallus maculatus Spotted Rail.
Aramides axillaris Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus Ridgway’s Rail.
Rallus elegans King Rail.
Rallus crepitans Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola Virginia Rail.
Crex crex Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina Sora.
Gallinula galeata Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen.
Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis Black Rail.
(B) Family Aramidae
Aramus guarauna Limpkin.
(C) Family Gruidae
Subfamily Gruinae
Antigone canadensis Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus Common Crane.
Grus monacha Hooded Crane.
Grus americana Whooping Crane.
(ix) Order Charadriiformes
(A) Family Recurvirostridae
Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana American Avocet.
(B) Family Haematopodidae
Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani Black Oystercatcher.
(C) Family Charadriidae
(1) Subfamily Vanellinae
Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing.
(2) Subfamily Charadriinae
Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden-Plover.
Charadrius morinellus Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus Piping Plover.
Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover.
Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand-Plover.
Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand-Plover.
Charadrius wilsonia Wilson’s Plover.
Charadrius collaris Collared Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover.
Charadrius montanus Mountain Plover.
Charadrius nivosus Snowy Plover.
(D) Family Jacanidae
Jacana spinosa Northern Jacana.
(E) Family Scolopacidae
(1) Subfamily Numeniinae
Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper.
Numenius tahitiensis Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel.
Numenius minutus Little Curlew.
Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius americanus Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius madagascariensis Far Eastern Curlew.
Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew.
(2) Subfamily Limosinae
Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit.
Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit.
Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa fedoa Marbled Godwit.
(3) Subfamily Arenariinae
Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala Black Turnstone.
Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot.
Calidris canutus Red Knot.
Calidris virgata Surfbird.
Calidris pugnax Ruff.
Calidris falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Calidris himantopus Stilt Sandpiper.
Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper.
Calidris temminckii Temminck’s Stint.
Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint.
Calidris pygmea Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint.
Calidris alba Sanderling.
Calidris alpina Dunlin.
Calidris ptilocnemis Rock Sandpiper.
Calidris maritima Purple Sandpiper.
Calidris bairdii Baird’s Sandpiper.
Calidris minuta Little Stint.
Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper.
Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper.
Calidris subruficollis Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper.
Calidris pusilla Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper.
(4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher.
Limnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher.
Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe.
Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock.
Scolopax minor American Woodcock.
Gallinago solitaria Solitary Snipe.
Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe.
Gallinago megala Swinhoe’s Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe.
Gallinago delicata Wilson’s Snipe.
(5) Subfamily Tringinae
Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper.
Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper.
Actitis macularius Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper.
Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa brevipes Gray-tailed Tattler.
Tringa incana Wandering Tattler.
Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs.
Tringa semipalmata Willet.
Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank.
Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank.
Tringa guttifer Nordmann’s Greenshank.
Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs.
Tringa totanus Common Redshank.
Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper.
Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper.
Phalaropus tricolor Wilson’s Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius Red Phalarope.
(F) Family Stercorariidae
Stercorarius skua Great Skua.
Stercorarius maccormicki South Polar Skua.
Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger.
Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger.
Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger.
(G) Family Alcidae
Alle alle Dovekie.
Uria aalge Common Murre.
Uria lomvia Thick-billed Murre.
Alca torda Razorbill.
Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot.
Cepphus columba Pigeon Guillemot.
Brachyramphus perdix Long-billed Murrelet.
Brachyramphus marmoratus Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris Kittlitz’s Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus scrippsi Scripps’s Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Guadalupe Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus craveri Craveri’s Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus Cassin’s Auklet.
Aethia psittacula Parakeet Auklet.
Aethia pusilla Least Auklet.
Aethia pygmaea Whiskered Auklet.
Aethia cristatella Crested Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet.
Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin.
Fratercula corniculata Horned Puffin.
Fratercula cirrhata Tufted Puffin.
(H) Family Laridae
(1) Subfamily Larinae
Creagrus furcatus Swallow-tailed Gull.
Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake.
Rissa brevirostris Red-legged Kittiwake.
Pagophila eburnea Ivory Gull.
Xema sabini Sabine’s Gull.
Chroicocephalus philadelphia Bonaparte’s Gull.
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Gray-hooded Gull.
Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull.
Hydrocoloeus minutus Little Gull.
Rhodostethia rosea Ross’s Gull.
Leucophaeus atricilla Laughing Gull.
Leucophaeus pipixcan Franklin’s Gull.
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus Pallas’s Gull.
Larus belcheri Belcher’s Gull.
Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull.
Larus heermanni Heermann’s Gull.
Larus canus Common Gull.
Larus brachyrhynchus Short-billed Gull.
Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull.
Larus occidentalis Western Gull.
Larus livens Yellow-footed Gull.
Larus californicus California Gull.
Larus argentatus Herring Gull.
Larus michahellis Yellow-legged Gull.
Larus glaucoides Iceland Gull.
Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus glaucescens Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull.
Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull.
(2) Subfamily Sterninae
Anous stolidus Brown Noddy.
Anous minutus Black Noddy.
Anous ceruleus Blue-gray Noddy.
Gygis alba White Tern.
Onychoprion fuscatus Sooty Tern.
Onychoprion lunatus Gray-backed Tern.
Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern.
Onychoprion aleuticus Aleutian Tern.
Sternula albifrons Little Tern.
Sternula antillarum Least Tern.
Phaetusa simplex Large-billed Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern.
Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern.
Larosterna inca Inca Tern.
Chlidonias niger Black Tern.
Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern.
Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern.
Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern.
Sterna sumatrana Black-naped Tern.
Sterna hirundo Common Tern.
Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern.
Sterna forsteri Forster’s Tern.
Thalasseus maximus Royal Tern.
Thalasseus bergii Great Crested Tern.
Thalasseus sandvicensis Sandwich Tern.
Thalasseus elegans Elegant Tern.
(3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
Rynchops niger Black Skimmer.
(x) Order Phaethontiformes
Family Phaethontidae
Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropicbird.
Phaethon aethereus Red-billed Tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda Red-tailed Tropicbird.
(xi) Order Gaviiformes
Family Gaviidae
Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon.
Gavia arctica Arctic Loon.
Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon.
Gavia immer Common Loon.
Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon.
(xii) Order Procellariiformes
(A) Family Diomedeidae
Thalassarche chlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross.
Thalassarche cauta White-capped Albatross.
Thalassarche eremita Chatham Albatross.
Thalassarche salvini Salvin’s Albatross.
Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross.
Phoebetria palpebrata Light-mantled Albatross.
Diomedea exulans Wandering Albatross.
Phoebastria immutabilis Laysan Albatross.
Phoebastria nigripes Black-footed Albatross.
Phoebastria albatrus Short-tailed Albatross.
(B) Family Oceanitidae
Family Phaethontidae
Oceanites oceanicus Wilson’s Storm-Petrel.
Pelagodroma marina White-faced Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta grallaria White-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta tropica Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Nesofregetta fuliginosa Polynesian Storm-Petrel.
(C) Family Hydrobatidae
Hydrobates pelagicus European Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates furcatus Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates hornbyi Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates monorhis Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates leucorhous Leach’s Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates socorroensis Townsend’s Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates homochroa Ashy Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates castro Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tethys Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates melania Black Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates matsudairae Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tristrami Tristram’s Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates microsoma Least Storm-Petrel.
(D) Family Procellariidae
Macronectes halli Northern Giant-Petrel.
Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar.
Pterodroma gouldi Gray-faced Petrel.
Pterodroma solandri Providence Petrel.
Pterodroma neglecta Kermadec Petrel.
Pterodroma arminjoniana Trindade Petrel.
Pterodroma heraldica Herald Petrel.
Pterodroma ultima Murphy’s Petrel.
Pterodroma inexpectata Mottled Petrel.
Pterodroma cahow Bermuda Petrel.
Pterodroma hasitata Black-capped Petrel.
Pterodroma externa Juan Fernandez Petrel.
Pterodroma sandwichensis Hawaiian Petrel.
Pterodroma cervicalis White-necked Petrel.
Pterodroma hypoleuca Bonin Petrel.
Pterodroma nigripennis Black-winged Petrel.
Pterodroma feae Fea’s Petrel.
Pterodroma madeira Zino’s Petrel.
Pterodroma cookii Cook’s Petrel.
Pterodroma leucoptera Gould’s Petrel.
Pterodroma longirostris Stejneger’s Petrel.
Pterodroma alba Phoenix Petrel.
Pseudobulweria rostrata Tahiti Petrel.
Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer’s Petrel.
Bulweria fallax Jouanin’s Petrel.
Procellaria aequinoctialis White-chinned Petrel.
Procellaria parkinsoni Parkinson’s Petrel.
Calonectris leucomelas Streaked Shearwater.
Calonectris diomedea Cory’s Shearwater.
Calonectris edwardsii Cape Verde Shearwater.
Ardenna pacifica Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna bulleri Buller’s Shearwater.
Ardenna tenuirostris Short-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna grisea Sooty Shearwater.
Ardenna gravis Great Shearwater.
Ardenna creatopus Pink-footed Shearwater.
Ardenna carneipes Flesh-footed Shearwater.
Puffinus nativitatis Christmas Shearwater.
Puffinus puffinus Manx Shearwater.
Puffinus newelli Newell’s Shearwater.
Puffinus bryani Bryan’s Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomelas Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus lherminieri Audubon’s Shearwater.
Puffinus baroli Barolo Shearwater.
(xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
Family Ciconiidae
Jabiru mycteria Jabiru.
Mycteria americana Wood Stork.
(xiv) Order Suliformes
(A) Family Fregatidae
Fregata ariel Lesser Frigatebird.
Fregata magnificens Magnificent Frigatebird.
Fregata minor Great Frigatebird.
(B) Family Sulidae
Sula dactylatra Masked Booby.
Sula granti Nazca Booby.
Sula nebouxii Blue-footed Booby.
Sula leucogaster Brown Booby.
Sula sula Red-footed Booby.
Papasula abbotti Abbott’s Booby.
Morus bassanus Northern Gannet.
(C) Family Anhingidae
Anhinga anhinga Anhinga.
(D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
Microcarbo melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant.
Urile penicillatus Brandt’s Cormorant.
Urile urile Red-faced Cormorant.
Urile pelagicus Pelagic Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant.
Nannopterum auritum Double-crested Cormorant.
Nannopterum brasilianum Neotropic Cormorant.
(xv) Order Pelecaniformes
(A) Family Pelecanidae
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American White Pelican.
Pelecanus occidentalis Brown Pelican.
(B) Family Ardeidae
Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern.
Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern.
Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern.
Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck’s Bittern.
Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern.
Tigrisoma mexicanum Bare-throated Tiger-Heron.
Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea Gray Heron.
Ardea alba Great Egret.
Ardea intermedia Intermediate Egret.
Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret.
Egretta garzetta Little Egret.
Egretta sacra Pacific Reef-Heron.
Egretta gularis Western Reef-Heron.
Egretta thula Snowy Egret.
Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron.
Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron.
Egretta rufescens Reddish Egret.
Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret.
Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond-Heron.
Butorides virescens Green Heron.
Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-Heron.
Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night-Heron.
Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-Heron.
Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night-Heron.
Gorsachius melanolophus Malayan Night-Heron.
(C) Family Threskiornithidae
(1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
Eudocimus albus White Ibis.
Eudocimus ruber Scarlet Ibis.
Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis.
Plegadis chihi White-faced Ibis.
(2) Subfamily Plataleinae
Platalea ajaja Roseate Spoonbill.
(xvi) Order Carthartiformes
Family Cathartidae
Gymnogyps californianus California Condor.
Coragyps atratus Black Vulture.
Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture.
(xvii) Order Accipitriformes
(A) Family Pandionidae
Pandion haliaetus Osprey.
(B) Family Accipitridae
(1) Subfamily Elaninae
Elanus leucurus White-tailed Kite.
(2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
Chondrohierax uncinatus Hook-billed Kite.
Elanoides forficatus Swallow-tailed Kite.
(3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle.
Harpagus bidentatus Double-toothed Kite.
Circus hudsonius Northern Harrier.
Circus spilonotus Eastern Marsh-Harrier.
Accipiter soloensis Chinese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s Hawk.
Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk.
Milvus migrans Black Kite.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle.
Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle.
Haliaeetus pelagicus Steller’s Sea-Eagle.
Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite.
Butastur indicus Gray-faced Buzzard.
Geranospiza caerulescens Crane Hawk.
Rostrhamus sociabilis Snail Kite.
Buteogallus anthracinus Common Black Hawk.
Buteogallus urubitinga Great Black Hawk.
Rupornis magnirostris Roadside Hawk.
Parabuteo unicinctus Harris’s Hawk.
Geranoaetus albicaudatus White-tailed Hawk.
Buteo plagiatus Gray Hawk.
Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk.
Buteo solitarius Hawaiian Hawk.
Buteo brachyurus Short-tailed Hawk.
Buteo swainsoni Swainson’s Hawk.
Buteo albonotatus Zone-tailed Hawk.
Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo regalis Ferruginous Hawk.
Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard.
(xviii) Order Strigiformes
(A) Family Tytonidae
Tyto alba Barn Owl.
(B) Family Strigidae
Otus sunia Oriental Scops-Owl.
Psiloscops flammeolus Flammulated Owl.
Gymnasio nudipes Puerto Rican Owl.
Megascops trichopsis Whiskered Screech-Owl.
Megascops kennicottii Western Screech-Owl.
Megascops asio Eastern Screech-Owl.
Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl.
Bubo scandiacus Snowy Owl.
Surnia ulula Northern Hawk Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma Northern Pygmy-Owl.
Glaucidium brasilianum Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl.
Micrathene whitneyi Elf Owl.
Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl.
Strix occidentalis Spotted Owl.
Strix varia Barred Owl.
Strix virgata Mottled Owl.
Strix nebulosa Great Gray Owl.
Asio otus Long-eared Owl.
Asio stygius Stygian Owl.
Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl.
Aegolius funereus Boreal Owl.
Aegolius acadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl.
Ninox japonica Northern Boobook.
(xix) Order Trogoniformes
Family Trogonidae
Subfamily Trogoninae
Trogon elegans Elegant Trogon.
Euptilotis neoxenus Eared Quetzal.
(xx) Order Upupiformes
Family Upupidae
Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe.
(xxi) Order Coraciiformes
Family Alcedinidae
(1) Subfamily Alcedininae
Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher.
(2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
Todiramphus sacer Pacific Kingfisher.
Todiramphus cinnamominus Guam Kingfisher.
Todiramphus albicilla Mariana Kingfisher.
(3) Subfamily Cerylinae
Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher.
Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher.
(xxii) Order Piciformes
Family Picidae
(1) Subfamily Jynginae
Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck.
(2) Subfamily Picinae
Melanerpes lewis Lewis’s Woodpecker.
Melanerpes portoricensis Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes formicivorus Acorn Woodpecker.
Melanerpes uropygialis Gila Woodpecker.
Melanerpes aurifrons Golden-fronted Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus Williamson’s Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Picoides dorsalis American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides arcticus Black-backed Woodpecker.
Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobates nuttallii Nuttall’s Woodpecker.
Dryobates scalaris Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Dryobates borealis Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates albolarvatus White-headed Woodpecker.
Dryobates arizonae Arizona Woodpecker.
Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker.
Colaptes chrysoides Gilded Flicker.
Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker.
Campephilus principalis Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
(xxiii) Order Falconiformes
Family Falconidae
(1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon.
(2) Subfamily Falconinae
Caracara plancus Crested Caracara.
Falco tinnunculus Eurasian Kestrel.
Falco sparverius American Kestrel.
Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon.
Falco amurensis Amur Falcon.
Falco columbarius Merlin.
Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby.
Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon.
Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon.
Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon.
Falco mexicanus Prairie Falcon.
(xxiv) Order Passeriformes
(A) Family Tityridae
Tityra semifasciata Masked Tityra.
Pachyramphus major Gray-collared Becard.
Pachyramphus aglaiae Rose-throated Becard.
(B) Family Tyrannidae
(1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
Camptostoma imberbe Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
Myiopagis viridicata Greenish Elaenia.
Elaenia martinica Caribbean Elaenia.
Elaenia albiceps White-crested Elaenia.
Elaenia parvirostris Small-billed Elaenia.
(2) Subfamily Tyranninae
Myiarchus tuberculifer Dusky-capped Flycatcher.
Myiarchus cinerascens Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Myiarchus nuttingi Nutting’s Flycatcher.
Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus sagrae La Sagra’s Flycatcher.
Myiarchus antillarum Puerto Rican Flycatcher.
Pitangus sulphuratus Great Kiskadee.
Myiozetetes similis Social Flycatcher.
Myiodynastes luteiventris Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
Legatus leucophaius Piratic Flycatcher.
Empidonomus varius Variegated Flycatcher.
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Crowned Slaty Flycatcher.
Tyrannus melancholicus Tropical Kingbird.
Tyrannus couchii Couch’s Kingbird.
Tyrannus vociferans Cassin’s Kingbird.
Tyrannus crassirostris Thick-billed Kingbird.
Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird.
Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird.
Tyrannus dominicensis Gray Kingbird.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus Loggerhead Kingbird.
Tyrannus forficatus Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Tyrannus savana Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
(3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
Mitrephanes phaeocercus Tufted Flycatcher.
Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus pertinax Greater Pewee.
Contopus sordidulus Western Wood-Pewee.
Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee.
Contopus caribaeus Cuban Pewee.
Contopus hispaniolensis Hispaniolan Pewee.
Contopus latirostris Lesser Antillean Pewee.
Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher.
Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher.
Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher.
Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightii Gray Flycatcher.
Empidonax oberholseri Dusky Flycatcher.
Empidonax affinis Pine Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slope Flycatcher.
Empidonax occidentalis Cordilleran Flycatcher.
Empidonax fulvifrons Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
Sayornis nigricans Black Phoebe.
Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe.
Sayornis saya Say’s Phoebe.
Pyrocephalus rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher.
(C) Family Vireonidae
Vireo atricapilla Black-capped Vireo.
Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo.
Vireo crassirostris Thick-billed Vireo.
Vireo gundlachii Cuban Vireo.
Vireo latimeri Puerto Rican Vireo.
Vireo bellii Bell’s Vireo.
Vireo vicinior Gray Vireo.
Vireo huttoni Hutton’s Vireo.
Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo.
Vireo cassinii Cassin’s Vireo.
Vireo solitarius Blue-headed Vireo.
Vireo plumbeus Plumbeous Vireo.
Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo.
Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo flavoviridis Yellow-green Vireo.
Vireo altiloquus Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo magister Yucatan Vireo.
(D) Family Laniidae
Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike.
Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanius borealis Northern Shrike.
(E) Family Corvidae
Perisoreus canadensis Canada Jay.
Psilorhinus morio Brown Jay.
Cyanocorax yncas Green Jay.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Pinyon Jay.
Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s Jay.
Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay.
Aphelocoma coerulescens Florida Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma insularis Island Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma californica California Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma woodhouseii Woodhouse’s Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma wollweberi Mexican Jay.
Nucifraga columbiana Clark’s Nutcracker.
Pica hudsonia Black-billed Magpie.
Pica nuttalli Yellow-billed Magpie.
Corvus monedula Eurasian Jackdaw.
Corvus kubaryi Mariana Crow.
Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow.
Corvus leucognaphalus White-necked Crow.
Corvus imparatus Tamaulipas Crow.
Corvus ossifragus Fish Crow.
Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaiian Crow.
Corvus cryptoleucus Chihuahuan Raven.
Corvus corax Common Raven.
(F) Family Remizidae
Auriparus flaviceps Verdin.
(G) Family Paridae
Poecile carolinensis Carolina Chickadee.
Poecile atricapillus Black-capped Chickadee.
Poecile gambeli Mountain Chickadee.
Poecile sclateri Mexican Chickadee.
Poecile rufescens Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Poecile hudsonicus Boreal Chickadee.
Poecile cinctus Gray-headed Chickadee.
Baeolophus wollweberi Bridled Titmouse.
Baeolophus inornatus Oak Titmouse.
Baeolophus ridgwayi Juniper Titmouse.
Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse.
Baeolophus atricristatus Black-crested Titmouse.
(H) Family Alaudidae
Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark.
Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark.
(I) Family Acrocephalidae
Arundinax aedon Thick-billed Warbler.
Acrocephalus luscinius Nightingale Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus hiwae Saipan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus nijoi Aguiguan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus yamashinae Pagan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus familiaris Millerbird.
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler.
Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth’s Reed Warbler.
(J) Family Locustellidae
Helopsaltes certhiola Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler.
Helopsaltes ochotensis Middendorff’s Grasshopper Warbler.
Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler.
Locustella fluviatilis River Warbler.
(K) Family Hirundinidae
Subfamily Hirundininae
Riparia riparia Bank Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Bahama Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green Swallow.
Tachycineta albilinea Mangrove Swallow.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Blue-and-white Swallow.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Progne tapera Brown-chested Martin.
Progne subis Purple Martin.
Progne elegans Southern Martin.
Progne chalybea Gray-breasted Martin.
Progne cryptoleuca Cuban Martin.
Progne dominicensis Caribbean Martin.
Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow.
Delichon urbicum Common House-Martin.
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon fulva Cave Swallow.
(L) Family Aegithalidae
Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit.
(M) Family Phylloscopidae
Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler.
Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler.
Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler.
Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas’s Leaf Warbler.
Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler.
Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler.
Phylloscopus examinandus Kamchatka Leaf Warbler.
(N) Family Sylviidae
Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat.
Chamaea fasciata Wrentit.
(O) Family Regulidae
Corthylio calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet.
(P) Family Bombycillidae
Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing.
(Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
Ptiliogonys cinereus Gray Silky-flycatcher.
Phainopepla nitens Phainopepla.
(R) Family Sittidae
Subfamily Sittinae
Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmaea Pygmy Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla Brown-headed Nuthatch.
(S) Family Certhiidae
Subfamily Certhiinae
Certhia americana Brown Creeper.
(T) Family Polioptilidae
Polioptila caerulea Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila melanura Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica California Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila nigriceps Black-capped Gnatcatcher.
(U) Family Troglodytidae
Salpinctes obsoletus Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus Canyon Wren.
Thryophilus sinaloa Sinaloa Wren.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Cactus Wren.
Thryomanes bewickii Bewick’s Wren.
Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren.
Troglodytes aedon House Wren.
Troglodytes pacificus Pacific Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis Winter Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris Sedge Wren.
Cistothorus palustris Marsh Wren.
(V) Family Mimidae
Melanotis caerulescens Blue Mockingbird.
Melanoptila glabrirostris Black Catbird.
Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird.
Margarops fuscatus Pearly-eyed Thrasher.
Toxostoma curvirostre Curve-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher.
Toxostoma longirostre Long-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma bendirei Bendire’s Thrasher.
Toxostoma redivivum California Thrasher.
Toxostoma lecontei LeConte’s Thrasher.
Toxostoma crissale Crissal Thrasher.
Oreoscoptes montanus Sage Thrasher.
Mimus gundlachii Bahama Mockingbird.
Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird.
(W) Family Sturnidae
Agropsar philippensis Chestnut-cheeked Starling.
Spodiopsar cineraceus White-cheeked Starling.
(X) Family Cinclidae
Cinclus mexicanus American Dipper.
(Y) Family Turdidae
Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana Western Bluebird.
Sialia currucoides Mountain Bluebird.
Myadestes townsendi Townsend’s Solitaire.
Myadestes occidentalis Brown-backed Solitaire.
Myadestes myadestinus Kāma’o.
Myadestes lanaiensis Oloma’o.
Myadestes obscurus ‘Ōma’o.
Myadestes palmeri Puaiohi.
Catharus aurantiirostris Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush.
Catharus mexicanus Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush.
Catharus fuscescens Veery.
Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Catharus bicknelli Bicknell’s Thrush.
Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s Thrush.
Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush.
Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush.
Turdus obscurus Eyebrowed Thrush.
Turdus eunomus Dusky Thrush.
Turdus naumanni Naumann’s Thrush.
Turdus pilaris Fieldfare.
Turdus iliacus Redwing.
Turdus grayi Clay-colored Thrush.
Turdus assimilis White-throated Thrush.
Turdus rufopalliatus Rufous-backed Robin.
Turdus migratorius American Robin.
Turdus plumbeus Red-legged Thrush.
Ixoreus naevius Varied Thrush.
Ridgwayia pinicola Aztec Thrush.
(Z) Family Muscicapidae
Muscicapa griseisticta Gray-streaked Flycatcher.
Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher.
Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa sibirica Dark-sided Flycatcher.
Erithacus rubecula European Robin.
Larvivora cyane Siberian Blue Robin.
Larvivora sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin.
Cyanecula svecica Bluethroat.
Calliope calliope Siberian Rubythroat.
Tarsiger cyanurus Red-flanked Bluetail.
Ficedula narcissina Narcissus Flycatcher.
Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher.
Ficedula albicilla Taiga Flycatcher.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart.
Saxicola maurus Asian Stonechat.
Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear.
Oenanthe pleschanka Pied Wheatear.
Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-Thrush.
(AA) Family Peucedramidae
Peucedramus taeniatus Olive Warbler.
(BB) Family Prunellidae
Prunella montanella Siberian Accentor.
(CC) Family Motacillidae
Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail.
Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail.
Motacilla cinerea Gray Wagtail.
Motacilla alba White Wagtail.
Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit.
Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit.
Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit.
Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit.
Anthus rubescens American Pipit.
Anthus spragueii Sprague’s Pipit.
(DD) Family Fringillidae
(1) Subfamily Fringillinae
Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch.
Fringilla montifringilla Brambling.
(2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
Chlorophonia musica Antillean Euphonia.
(3) Subfamily Carduelinae
Coccothraustes vespertinus Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch.
Carpodacus erythrinus Common Rosefinch.
Carpodacus roseus Pallas’s Rosefinch.
Melamprosops phaeosoma Po’ouli.
Oreomystis bairdi ‘Akikiki.
Paroreomyza maculata O’ahu ‘Alauahio.
Paroreomyza flammea Kākāwahie.
Paroreomyza montana Maui ‘Alauahio.
Loxioides bailleui Palila.
Telespiza cantans Laysan Finch.
Telespiza ultima Nihoa Finch.
Palmeria dolei ‘Akohekohe.
Himatione fraithii Laysan Honeycreeper.
Himatione sanguinea ‘Apapane.
Drepanis coccinea ‘I’iwi.
Psittirostra psittacea ‘Ō’ū.
Pseudonestor xanthophrys Maui Parrotbill.
Hemignathus hanapepe Kauai Nukupu’u.
Hemignathus lucidus O’ahu Nukupu’u.
Hemignathus affinis Maui Nukupu’u.
Hemignathus wilsoni ‘Akiapola’au.
Akialoa stejnegeri Kauai ‘Akialoa.
Akialoa ellisiana O’ahu ‘Akialoa.
Akialoa lanaiensis Maui Nui ‘Akialoa.
Magumma parva ‘Anianiau.
Chlorodrepanis virens Hawaii ‘Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis flava O’ahu ‘Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri Kaua’i ‘Amakihi.
Loxops mana Hawaii Creeper.
Loxops caeruleirostris ‘Akeke’e.
Loxops wolstenholmei O’ahu ‘Akepa.
Loxops ochraceus Maui ‘Akepa.
Loxops coccineus Hawaii ‘Akepa.
Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch.
Leucosticte arctoa Asian Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte tephrocotis Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte atrata Black Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte australis Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Haemorhous mexicanus House Finch.
Haemorhous purpureus Purple Finch.
Haemorhous cassinii Cassin’s Finch.
Chloris sinica Oriental Greenfinch.
Acanthis flammea Common Redpoll.
Acanthis hornemanni Hoary Redpoll.
Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill.
Loxia sinesciuris Cassia Crossbill.
Loxia leucoptera White-winged Crossbill.
Spinus spinus Eurasian Siskin.
Spinus pinus Pine Siskin.
Spinus psaltria Lesser Goldfinch.
Spinus lawrencei Lawrence’s Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis American Goldfinch.
(EE) Family Calcariidae
Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Calcarius pictus Smith’s Longspur.
Rhynchophanes mccownii Thick-billed Longspur.
Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting.
Plectrophenax hyperboreus McKay’s Bunting.
(FF) Family Emberizidae
Emberiza leucocephalos Pine Bunting.
Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-browed Bunting.
Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting.
Emberiza rustica Rustic Bunting.
Emberiza elegans Yellow-throated Bunting.
Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Emberiza variabilis Gray Bunting.
Emberiza pallasi Pallas’s Bunting.
Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting.
(GG) Family Passerellidae
Peucaea carpalis Rufous-winged Sparrow.
Peucaea botterii Botteri’s Sparrow.
Peucaea cassinii Cassin’s Sparrow.
Peucaea aestivalis Bachman’s Sparrow.
Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow.
Arremonops rufivirgatus Olive Sparrow.
Amphispizopsis quinquestriata Five-striped Sparrow.
Amphispiza bilineata Black-throated Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow.
Calamospiza melanocorys Lark Bunting.
Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella pallida Clay-colored Sparrow.
Spizella atrogularis Black-chinned Sparrow.
Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow.
Spizella breweri Brewer’s Sparrow.
Spizella wortheni Worthen’s Sparrow.
Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow.
Spizelloides arborea American Tree Sparrow.
Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco.
Junco phaeonotus Yellow-eyed Junco.
Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia querula Harris’s Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza nevadensis Sagebrush Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza belli Bell’s Sparrow.
Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow.
Ammospiza leconteii LeConte’s Sparrow.
Ammospiza maritima Seaside Sparrow.
Ammospiza nelsoni Nelson’s Sparrow.
Ammospiza caudacuta Saltmarsh Sparrow.
Centronyx bairdii Baird’s Sparrow.
Centronyx henslowii Henslow’s Sparrow.
Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow.
Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln’s Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow.
Melozone fusca Canyon Towhee.
Melozone aberti Abert’s Towhee.
Melozone crissalis California Towhee.
Aimophila ruficeps Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Pipilo chlorurus Green-tailed Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus Spotted Towhee.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee.
(HH) Family Nesospingidae
Nesospingus speculiferus Puerto Rican Tanager.
(II) Family Spindalidae
Spindalis zena Western Spindalis.
Spindalis portoricensis Puerto Rican Spindalis.
(JJ) Family Icteridae
Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat.
(1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird.
(2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink.
(3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
Sturnella lilianae Chihuahuan Meadowlark.
Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark.
Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark.
(4) Subfamily Icterinae
Icterus portoricensis Puerto Rican Oriole.
Icterus wagleri Black-vented Oriole.
Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole.
Icterus cucullatus Hooded Oriole.
Icterus pustulatus Streak-backed Oriole.
Icterus bullockii Bullock’s Oriole.
Icterus gularis Altamira Oriole.
Icterus graduacauda Audubon’s Oriole.
Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus abeillei Black-backed Oriole.
Icterus parisorum Scott’s Oriole.
(5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius tricolor Tricolored Blackbird.
Agelaius humeralis Tawny-shouldered Blackbird.
Agelaius xanthomus Yellow-shouldered Blackbird.
Molothrus bonariensis Shiny Cowbird.
Molothrus aeneus Bronzed Cowbird.
Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird.
Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird.
Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer’s Blackbird.
Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle.
Quiscalus major Boat-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus mexicanus Great-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus niger Greater Antillean Grackle.
(KK) Family Parulidae
Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird.
Helmitheros vermivorum Worm-eating Warbler.
Parkesia motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush.
Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush.
Vermivora bachmanii Bachman’s Warbler.
Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler.
Vermivora cyanoptera Blue-winged Warbler.
Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler.
Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler.
Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson’s Warbler.
Oreothlypis superciliosa Crescent-chested Warbler.
Leiothlypis peregrina Tennessee Warbler.
Leiothlypis celata Orange-crowned Warbler.
Leiothlypis crissalis Colima Warbler.
Leiothlypis luciae Lucy’s Warbler.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla Nashville Warbler.
Leiothlypis virginiae Virginia’s Warbler.
Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler.
Geothlypis poliocephala Gray-crowned Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis tolmiei MacGillivray’s Warbler.
Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler.
Geothlypis formosa Kentucky Warbler.
Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat.
Setophaga angelae Elfin-woods Warbler.
Setophaga citrina Hooded Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart.
Setophaga kirtlandii Kirtland’s Warbler.
Setophaga tigrina Cape May Warbler.
Setophaga cerulea Cerulean Warbler.
Setophaga americana Northern Parula.
Setophaga pitiayumi Tropical Parula.
Setophaga magnolia Magnolia Warbler.
Setophaga castanea Bay-breasted Warbler.
Setophaga fusca Blackburnian Warbler.
Setophaga petechia Yellow Warbler.
Setophaga pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler.
Setophaga caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Setophaga palmarum Palm Warbler.
Setophaga pinus Pine Warbler.
Setophaga coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Setophaga dominica Yellow-throated Warbler.
Setophaga discolor Prairie Warbler.
Setophaga adelaidae Adelaide’s Warbler.
Setophaga graciae Grace’s Warbler.
Setophaga nigrescens Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Setophaga townsendi Townsend’s Warbler.
Setophaga occidentalis Hermit Warbler.
Setophaga chrysoparia Golden-cheeked Warbler.
Setophaga virens Black-throated Green Warbler.
Basileuterus lachrymosus Fan-tailed Warbler.
Basileuterus rufifrons Rufous-capped Warbler.
Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-crowned Warbler.
Cardellina canadensis Canada Warbler.
Cardellina pusilla Wilson’s Warbler.
Cardellina rubrifrons Red-faced Warbler.
Myioborus pictus Painted Redstart.
Myioborus miniatus Slate-throated Redstart.
(LL) Family Cardinalidae
Piranga flava Hepatic Tanager.
Piranga rubra Summer Tanager.
Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager.
Piranga bidentata Flame-colored Tanager.
Rhodothraupis celaeno Crimson-collared Grosbeak.
Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal.
Cardinalis sinuatus Pyrrhuloxia.
Pheucticus chrysopeplus Yellow Grosbeak.
Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-headed Grosbeak.
Cyanocompsa parellina Blue Bunting.
Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak.
Passerina amoena Lazuli Bunting.
Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting.
Passerina versicolor Varied Bunting.
Passerina ciris Painted Bunting.
Spiza americana Dickcissel.
(MM) Family Thraupidae
(1) Subfamily Dacninae
Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper.
(2) Subfamily Coerebinae
Coereba flaveola Bananaquit.
Tiaris olivaceus Yellow-faced Grassquit.
Melopyrrha portoricensis Puerto Rican Bullfinch.
Melanospiza bicolor Black-faced Grassquit.
(3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
Sporophila morelleti Morelet’s Seedeater.”

[78 FR 65850, Nov. 1, 2013, as amended at 85 FR 21290, Apr. 16, 2020; 88 FR 49317, July 31, 2023]

–from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-50/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-10/subpart-B/section-10.13 …

If you find a bird on the above list, then the penalties mentioned earlier apply.

There are other laws to which these penalties apply, so even though you don’t find the bird you are searching for on the list, it is possible that your quarry may still net you a hefty fine or prison sentence.

. . . . .

It is a regular land mine out there in our back yards. Better to make a peace offering than to wage war, I feel. For instance, I put up a bird feeder with birdseed in it on the back porch. Seems to work wonderfully well.

Then I tried a hummingbird feeder. That is also a huge success; hummingbirds everywhere!

In love, light and joy
This is Alice B. Clagett.
I Am of the Stars … and so are you!

Written and published on 1 June 2024; revised on 7 September 2025

Previous title of this blog: What If I Just Nuke All the Ravens and Songbirds! Will that Solve the Problem?

 

Music by Bohdan Kuzmin from Pixabay
“Wings of Your Freedom” – Pixabay Content License

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Attribution: By Alice B. Clagett.
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crime and crime prevention, law, law enforcement, Los Angeles, birds, Ravens, Songbirds, interspecies communication, my favorites, my favorites, miscellanea,

Notice: Moral Rights of Authors . by Alice B. Clagett

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Notice: Moral Rights of Authors

Notices

Dear Ones,

I found out there is such a thing as ‘moral rights of authors’ …

Link: “Moral Rights of Authors,” in English Wikipedia … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_rights …

Of particular interest is this assertion: “The preserving of the integrity of the [author’s] work allows the author to object to alteration, distortion, or mutilation of the work that is ‘prejudicial to the author’s honor or reputation’. In other words, it seems that international law offers an author the right to object to derogation of his or her works; this is also called the author’s ‘right of integrity. Here is more …

“Moral rights are set forth in Article 6bis of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, to which most countries in the world (including the United States) are signatories …

“In the United States, moral rights are also protected, with respect to certain visual artworks, by the Visual Rights Act.” — Link: “Moral Rights,” in Wikipedia … https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Moral_rights ..

. . . . .

I put this information on my ‘About’ page under Notices … https://awakeningwithplanetearth.com/about/ ..

In love, light and joy
This is Alice B. Clagett.
I Am of the Stars … and so are you!

Written and published on 16 April 2024

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Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Attribution: By Alice B. Clagett.
More license information
…………………………………………………….
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law, international law, human rights, notices, personal notes,