What problem? Oh, the problem of ETs on Earth?
But what if the ETs are us humans?
What if all the beings on Earth are ETs?
Then again, what if, as the Buddhists say, all the beings on Earth are humans?
What if, as the Esotericists say, rocks are humans too? My gosh! Rock my world!

Image: “Raven Talk,” by Colin, 30 April 2016, in Wikimedia Commons … https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubilee_and_Munin,_Ravens,_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg … CC BY-SA 4.0 International … DESCRIPTION: “Jubilee and Munin, Ravens of the Tower of London. Jubilee was hatched in Somerset in 2012 and wears a gold band. He was given to the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee. Munin was hatched in North Uist in 1995 and wears a light green band. She is the oldest raven at the tower. Identification confirmed with Chris Skaife, Ravenmaster at the Tower.”
Image: “Raven Talk,” by Colin, 30 April 2016, in Wikimedia Commons … https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubilee_and_Munin,_Ravens,_Tower_of_London_2016-04-30.jpg … CC BY-SA 4.0 International … DESCRIPTION: “Jubilee and Munin, Ravens of the Tower of London. Jubilee was hatched in Somerset in 2012 and wears a gold band. He was given to the Queen on her Diamond Jubilee. Munin was hatched in North Uist in 1995 and wears a light green band. She is the oldest raven at the tower. Identification confirmed with Chris Skaife, Ravenmaster at the Tower.”
To turn off the background music that runs when this page starts, click once or twice on the arrow on the audio bar at the bottom of the page …
Dear Ones,
Just in case there should be a knee-jerk reaction to nuke all the birds in my neighborhood, I looked up penalties for shooting migratory birds. Since these are laws, I think I’m on the safe side to quote verbatim.
Here is what I found out …
Penalties for shooting migratory birds, including Ravens, Songbirds, and many other types of birds are as follows …
“Misdemeanor offenses shall be fines a maximum of $5000 and or imprisoned for not more than six months for individuals, or $10,000 fine for an organization.
“Felony offenses shall be fined maximum of $250,000 and/or imprisoned for not more than two years for an individual or $100,000 for an organization.
“All guns, nets, traps, and other equipment vessels, vehicles, and other means of transportation used by any person while pursuing, hunting, taking, trapping, ensnaring, capturing, killing, or in making any attempt thereof shall be forfeited to the United States and held under the authority of the Secretary of Interior.” — from https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/criminal-provisions-us-criminal-code-title-18-and-other-statutes ..
Here is a List of Migratory Birds covered by the above penalties. Search by name of bird … e.g., Raven. If you find that bird on the list, then the penalties apply. …
Table 2 to Paragraph (c)(2)—Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
| Species scientific name | Species common name |
|---|---|
| (i) Order Anseriformes | |
| Family Anatidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae | |
| Dendrocygna autumnalis | Black-bellied Whistling-Duck. |
| Dendrocygna arborea | West Indian Whistling-Duck. |
| Dendrocygna bicolor | Fulvous Whistling-Duck. |
| (2) Subfamily Anserinae | |
| Anser canagicus | Emperor Goose. |
| Anser caerulescens | Snow Goose. |
| Anser rossii | Ross’s Goose. |
| Anser albifrons | Greater White-fronted Goose. |
| Anser erythropus | Lesser White-fronted Goose. |
| Anser fabalis | Taiga Bean-Goose. |
| Anser serrirostris | Tundra Bean-Goose. |
| Anser brachyrhynchus | Pink-footed Goose. |
| Branta bernicla | Brant. |
| Branta leucopsis | Barnacle Goose. |
| Branta hutchinsii | Cackling Goose. |
| Branta canadensis | Canada Goose. |
| Branta sandvicensis | Hawaiian Goose. |
| Cygnus buccinator | Trumpeter Swan. |
| Cygnus columbianus | Tundra Swan. |
| Cygnus cygnus | Whooper Swan. |
| (3) Subfamily Anatinae | |
| Cairina moschata | Muscovy Duck. |
| Aix sponsa | Wood Duck. |
| Sibirionetta formosa | Baikal Teal. |
| Spatula querquedula | Garganey. |
| Spatula discors | Blue-winged Teal. |
| Spatula cyanoptera | Cinnamon Teal. |
| Spatula clypeata | Northern Shoveler. |
| Mareca strepera | Gadwall. |
| Mareca falcata | Falcated Duck. |
| Mareca penelope | Eurasian Wigeon. |
| Mareca americana | American Wigeon. |
| Anas laysanensis | Laysan Duck |
| Anas wyvilliana | Hawaiian Duck. |
| Anas zonorhyncha | Eastern Spot-billed Duck. |
| Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard. |
| Anas diazi | Mexican Duck. |
| Anas rubripes | American Black Duck. |
| Anas fulvigula | Mottled Duck. |
| Anas superciliosa | Pacific Black Duck. |
| Anas bahamensis | White-cheeked Pintail. |
| Anas acuta | Northern Pintail. |
| Anas crecca | Green-winged Teal. |
| Aythya valisineria | Canvasback. |
| Aythya americana | Redhead. |
| Aythya ferina | Common Pochard. |
| Aythya baeri | Baer’s Pochard. |
| Aythya collaris | Ring-necked Duck. |
| Aythya fuligula | Tufted Duck. |
| Aythya marila | Greater Scaup. |
| Aythya affinis | Lesser Scaup. |
| Polysticta stelleri | Steller’s Eider. |
| Somateria fischeri | Spectacled Eider. |
| Somateria spectabilis | King Eider. |
| Somateria mollissima | Common Eider. |
| Histrionicus histrionicus | Harlequin Duck. |
| Melanitta perspicillata | Surf Scoter. |
| Melanitta deglandi | White-winged Scoter. |
| Melanitta stejneger | Stejneger’s Scoter. |
| Melanitta nigra | Common Scoter. |
| Melanitta americana | Black Scoter. |
| Clangula hyemalis | Long-tailed Duck. |
| Bucephala albeola | Bufflehead. |
| Bucephala clangula | Common Goldeneye. |
| Bucephala islandica | Barrow’s Goldeneye. |
| Mergellus albellus | Smew. |
| Lophodytes cucullatus | Hooded Merganser. |
| Mergus merganser | Common Merganser. |
| Mergus serrator | Red-breasted Merganser. |
| Nomonyx dominicus | Masked Duck. |
| Oxyura jamaicensis | Ruddy Duck. |
| (ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes | |
| Family Phoenicopteridae | |
| Phoenicopterus ruber | American Flamingo. |
| (iii) Order Podicipediformes | |
| Family Podicipedidae | |
| Tachybaptus dominicus | Least Grebe. |
| Podilymbus podiceps | Pied-billed Grebe. |
| Podiceps auritus | Horned Grebe. |
| Podiceps grisegena | Red-necked Grebe. |
| Podiceps nigricollis | Eared Grebe. |
| Aechmophorus occidentalis | Western Grebe. |
| Aechmophorus clarkii | Clark’s Grebe. |
| (iv) Order Columbiformes | |
| Family Columbidae | |
| Patagioenas squamosa | Scaly-naped Pigeon. |
| Patagioenas leucocephala | White-crowned Pigeon. |
| Patagioenas flavirostris | Red-billed Pigeon. |
| Patagioenas inornata | Plain Pigeon. |
| Patagioenas fasciata | Band-tailed Pigeon. |
| Streptopelia orientalis | Oriental Turtle-Dove. |
| Alopecoenas stairi | Shy Ground Dove. |
| Alopecoenas xanthonurus | White-throated Ground Dove. |
| Columbina inca | Inca Dove. |
| Columbina passerina | Common Ground Dove. |
| Columbina talpacoti | Ruddy Ground Dove. |
| Geotrygon montana | Ruddy Quail-Dove. |
| Geotrygon chrysia | Key West Quail-Dove. |
| Geotrygon mystacea | Bridled Quail-Dove. |
| Leptotila verreauxi | White-tipped Dove. |
| Zenaida asiatica | White-winged Dove. |
| Zenaida aurita | Zenaida Dove. |
| Zenaida macroura | Mourning Dove. |
| Ptilinopus perousii | Many-colored Fruit-Dove. |
| Ptilinopus porphyraceus | Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove. |
| Ptilinopus roseicapilla | Mariana Fruit-Dove. |
| Ducula pacifica | Pacific Imperial-Pigeon. |
| (v) Order Cuculiformes | |
| Family Cuculidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Crotophaginae | |
| Crotophaga ani | Smooth-billed Ani. |
| Crotophaga sulcirostris | Groove-billed Ani. |
| (2) Subfamily Neomorphinae | |
| Geococcyx californianus | Greater Roadrunner. |
| (3) Subfamily Cuculinae | |
| Urodynamis taitensis | Long-tailed Koel. |
| Hierococcyx nisicolor | Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo. |
| Cuculus canorus | Common Cuckoo. |
| Cuculus optatus | Oriental Cuckoo. |
| Clamator coromandus | Chestnut-winged Cuckoo. |
| Coccyzus melacoryphus | Dark-billed Cuckoo. |
| Coccyzus americanus | Yellow-billed Cuckoo. |
| Coccyzus minor | Mangrove Cuckoo. |
| Coccyzus erythropthalmus | Black-billed Cuckoo. |
| Coccyzus vieilloti | Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo. |
| (vi) Order Caprimulgiformes | |
| Family Caprimulgidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Chordeilinae | |
| Chordeiles acutipennis | Lesser Nighthawk. |
| Chordeiles minor | Common Nighthawk. |
| Chordeiles gundlachii | Antillean Nighthawk. |
| (2) Subfamily Caprimulginae | |
| Nyctidromus albicollis | Common Pauraque. |
| Phalaenoptilus nuttallii | Common Poorwill. |
| Antrostomus carolinensis | Chuck-will’s-widow. |
| Antrostomus ridgwayi | Buff-collared Nightjar. |
| Antrostomus vociferus | Eastern Whip-poor-will. |
| Antrostomus arizonae | Mexican Whip-poor-will. |
| Antrostomus noctitherus | Puerto Rican Nightjar. |
| Hydropsalis cayennensis | White-tailed Nightjar. |
| Caprimulgus jotaka | Gray Nightjar. |
| (vii) Order Apodiformes | |
| (A) Family Apodidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae | |
| Cypseloides niger | Black Swift. |
| Streptoprocne zonaris | White-collared Swift. |
| (2) Subfamily Chaeturinae | |
| Chaetura pelagica | Chimney Swift. |
| Chaetura vauxi | Vaux’s Swift. |
| Chaetura brachyura | Short-tailed Swift. |
| Hirundapus caudacutus | White-throated Needletail. |
| Aerodramus spodiopygius | White-rumped Swiftlet. |
| Aerodramus bartschi | Mariana Swiftlet. |
| (3) Subfamily Apodinae | |
| Apus apus | Common Swift. |
| Apus pacificus | Fork-tailed Swift. |
| Apus melba | Alpine Swift. |
| Aeronautes saxatalis | White-throated Swift. |
| Tachornis phoenicobia | Antillean Palm-Swift. |
| (B) Family Trochilidae | |
| Subfamily Trochilinae | |
| Colibri thalassinus | Mexican Violetear. |
| Anthracothorax prevostii | Green-breasted Mango. |
| Anthracothorax aurulentus | Puerto Rican Mango. |
| Anthracothorax viridis | Green Mango. |
| Eulampis jugularis | Purple-throated Carib. |
| Eulampis holosericeus | Green-throated Carib. |
| Eugenes fulgens | Rivoli’s Hummingbird. |
| Heliomaster constantii | Plain-capped Starthroat. |
| Lampornis amethystinus | Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem. |
| Lampornis clemenciae | Blue-throated Mountain-gem. |
| Calothorax lucifer | Lucifer Hummingbird. |
| Archilochus colubris | Ruby-throated Hummingbird. |
| Archilochus alexandri | Black-chinned Hummingbird. |
| Mellisuga minima | Vervain Hummingbird. |
| Nesophlox evelynae | Bahama Woodstar. |
| Calypte anna | Anna’s Hummingbird. |
| Calypte costae | Costa’s Hummingbird. |
| Selasphorus calliope | Calliope Hummingbird. |
| Selasphorus rufus | Rufous Hummingbird. |
| Selasphorus sasin | Allen’s Hummingbird. |
| Selasphorus platycercus | Broad-tailed Hummingbird. |
| Selasphorus heloisa | Bumblebee Hummingbird. |
| Riccordia maugaeus | Puerto Rican Emerald. |
| Cynanthus latirostris | Broad-billed Hummingbird. |
| Basilinna leucotis | White-eared Hummingbird. |
| Basilinna xantusii | Xantus’s Hummingbird. |
| Orthorhyncus cristatus | Antillean Crested Hummingbird. |
| Ramosomyia violiceps | Violet-crowned Hummingbird. |
| Saucerottia beryllina | Berylline Hummingbird. |
| Amazilia rutila | Cinnamon Hummingbird. |
| Amazilia yucatanensis | Buff-bellied Hummingbird. |
| (viii) Order Gruiformes | |
| (A) Family Rallidae | |
| Gallirallus philippensis | Buff-banded Rail. |
| Gallirallus owstoni | Guam Rail. |
| Neocrex erythrops | Paint-billed Crake. |
| Pardirallus maculatus | Spotted Rail. |
| Aramides axillaris | Rufous-necked Wood-Rail. |
| Rallus obsoletus | Ridgway’s Rail. |
| Rallus elegans | King Rail. |
| Rallus crepitans | Clapper Rail. |
| Rallus limicola | Virginia Rail. |
| Crex crex | Corn Crake. |
| Porzana carolina | Sora. |
| Gallinula galeata | Common Gallinule. |
| Gallinula chloropus | Eurasian Moorhen. |
| Fulica atra | Eurasian Coot. |
| Fulica alai | Hawaiian Coot. |
| Fulica americana | American Coot. |
| Porphyrio martinicus | Purple Gallinule. |
| Porphyrio flavirostris | Azure Gallinule. |
| Porphyrio porphyrio | Purple Swamphen. |
| Porzana tabuensis | Spotless Crake. |
| Coturnicops noveboracensis | Yellow Rail. |
| Hapalocrex flaviventer | Yellow-breasted Crake. |
| Laterallus jamaicensis | Black Rail. |
| (B) Family Aramidae | |
| Aramus guarauna | Limpkin. |
| (C) Family Gruidae | |
| Subfamily Gruinae | |
| Antigone canadensis | Sandhill Crane. |
| Grus grus | Common Crane. |
| Grus monacha | Hooded Crane. |
| Grus americana | Whooping Crane. |
| (ix) Order Charadriiformes | |
| (A) Family Recurvirostridae | |
| Himantopus himantopus | Black-winged Stilt. |
| Himantopus mexicanus | Black-necked Stilt. |
| Recurvirostra americana | American Avocet. |
| (B) Family Haematopodidae | |
| Haematopus ostralegus | Eurasian Oystercatcher. |
| Haematopus palliatus | American Oystercatcher. |
| Haematopus bachmani | Black Oystercatcher. |
| (C) Family Charadriidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Vanellinae | |
| Vanellus vanellus | Northern Lapwing. |
| (2) Subfamily Charadriinae | |
| Pluvialis squatarola | Black-bellied Plover. |
| Pluvialis apricaria | European Golden-Plover. |
| Pluvialis dominica | American Golden-Plover. |
| Pluvialis fulva | Pacific Golden-Plover. |
| Charadrius morinellus | Eurasian Dotterel. |
| Charadrius vociferus | Killdeer. |
| Charadrius hiaticula | Common Ringed Plover. |
| Charadrius semipalmatus | Semipalmated Plover. |
| Charadrius melodus | Piping Plover. |
| Charadrius dubius | Little Ringed Plover. |
| Charadrius mongolus | Lesser Sand-Plover. |
| Charadrius leschenaultii | Greater Sand-Plover. |
| Charadrius wilsonia | Wilson’s Plover. |
| Charadrius collaris | Collared Plover. |
| Charadrius alexandrinus | Kentish Plover. |
| Charadrius montanus | Mountain Plover. |
| Charadrius nivosus | Snowy Plover. |
| (D) Family Jacanidae | |
| Jacana spinosa | Northern Jacana. |
| (E) Family Scolopacidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Numeniinae | |
| Bartramia longicauda | Upland Sandpiper. |
| Numenius tahitiensis | Bristle-thighed Curlew. |
| Numenius phaeopus | Whimbrel. |
| Numenius minutus | Little Curlew. |
| Numenius borealis | Eskimo Curlew. |
| Numenius americanus | Long-billed Curlew. |
| Numenius madagascariensis | Far Eastern Curlew. |
| Numenius arquata | Eurasian Curlew. |
| (2) Subfamily Limosinae | |
| Limosa lapponica | Bar-tailed Godwit. |
| Limosa limosa | Black-tailed Godwit. |
| Limosa haemastica | Hudsonian Godwit. |
| Limosa fedoa | Marbled Godwit. |
| (3) Subfamily Arenariinae | |
| Arenaria interpres | Ruddy Turnstone. |
| Arenaria melanocephala | Black Turnstone. |
| Calidris tenuirostris | Great Knot. |
| Calidris canutus | Red Knot. |
| Calidris virgata | Surfbird. |
| Calidris pugnax | Ruff. |
| Calidris falcinellus | Broad-billed Sandpiper. |
| Calidris acuminata | Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. |
| Calidris himantopus | Stilt Sandpiper. |
| Calidris ferruginea | Curlew Sandpiper. |
| Calidris temminckii | Temminck’s Stint. |
| Calidris subminuta | Long-toed Stint. |
| Calidris pygmea | Spoon-billed Sandpiper. |
| Calidris ruficollis | Red-necked Stint. |
| Calidris alba | Sanderling. |
| Calidris alpina | Dunlin. |
| Calidris ptilocnemis | Rock Sandpiper. |
| Calidris maritima | Purple Sandpiper. |
| Calidris bairdii | Baird’s Sandpiper. |
| Calidris minuta | Little Stint. |
| Calidris minutilla | Least Sandpiper. |
| Calidris fuscicollis | White-rumped Sandpiper. |
| Calidris subruficollis | Buff-breasted Sandpiper. |
| Calidris melanotos | Pectoral Sandpiper. |
| Calidris pusilla | Semipalmated Sandpiper. |
| Calidris mauri | Western Sandpiper. |
| (4) Subfamily Scolopacinae | |
| Limnodromus griseus | Short-billed Dowitcher. |
| Limnodromus scolopaceus | Long-billed Dowitcher. |
| Lymnocryptes minimus | Jack Snipe. |
| Scolopax rusticola | Eurasian Woodcock. |
| Scolopax minor | American Woodcock. |
| Gallinago solitaria | Solitary Snipe. |
| Gallinago stenura | Pin-tailed Snipe. |
| Gallinago megala | Swinhoe’s Snipe. |
| Gallinago gallinago | Common Snipe. |
| Gallinago delicata | Wilson’s Snipe. |
| (5) Subfamily Tringinae | |
| Xenus cinereus | Terek Sandpiper. |
| Actitis hypoleucos | Common Sandpiper. |
| Actitis macularius | Spotted Sandpiper. |
| Tringa ochropus | Green Sandpiper. |
| Tringa solitaria | Solitary Sandpiper. |
| Tringa brevipes | Gray-tailed Tattler. |
| Tringa incana | Wandering Tattler. |
| Tringa flavipes | Lesser Yellowlegs. |
| Tringa semipalmata | Willet. |
| Tringa erythropus | Spotted Redshank. |
| Tringa nebularia | Common Greenshank. |
| Tringa guttifer | Nordmann’s Greenshank. |
| Tringa melanoleuca | Greater Yellowlegs. |
| Tringa totanus | Common Redshank. |
| Tringa glareola | Wood Sandpiper. |
| Tringa stagnatilis | Marsh Sandpiper. |
| Phalaropus tricolor | Wilson’s Phalarope. |
| Phalaropus lobatus | Red-necked Phalarope. |
| Phalaropus fulicarius | Red Phalarope. |
| (F) Family Stercorariidae | |
| Stercorarius skua | Great Skua. |
| Stercorarius maccormicki | South Polar Skua. |
| Stercorarius pomarinus | Pomarine Jaeger. |
| Stercorarius parasiticus | Parasitic Jaeger. |
| Stercorarius longicaudus | Long-tailed Jaeger. |
| (G) Family Alcidae | |
| Alle alle | Dovekie. |
| Uria aalge | Common Murre. |
| Uria lomvia | Thick-billed Murre. |
| Alca torda | Razorbill. |
| Cepphus grylle | Black Guillemot. |
| Cepphus columba | Pigeon Guillemot. |
| Brachyramphus perdix | Long-billed Murrelet. |
| Brachyramphus marmoratus | Marbled Murrelet |
| Brachyramphus brevirostris | Kittlitz’s Murrelet. |
| Synthliboramphus scrippsi | Scripps’s Murrelet. |
| Synthliboramphus hypoleucus | Guadalupe Murrelet. |
| Synthliboramphus craveri | Craveri’s Murrelet. |
| Synthliboramphus antiquus | Ancient Murrelet. |
| Ptychoramphus aleuticus | Cassin’s Auklet. |
| Aethia psittacula | Parakeet Auklet. |
| Aethia pusilla | Least Auklet. |
| Aethia pygmaea | Whiskered Auklet. |
| Aethia cristatella | Crested Auklet. |
| Cerorhinca monocerata | Rhinoceros Auklet. |
| Fratercula arctica | Atlantic Puffin. |
| Fratercula corniculata | Horned Puffin. |
| Fratercula cirrhata | Tufted Puffin. |
| (H) Family Laridae | |
| (1) Subfamily Larinae | |
| Creagrus furcatus | Swallow-tailed Gull. |
| Rissa tridactyla | Black-legged Kittiwake. |
| Rissa brevirostris | Red-legged Kittiwake. |
| Pagophila eburnea | Ivory Gull. |
| Xema sabini | Sabine’s Gull. |
| Chroicocephalus philadelphia | Bonaparte’s Gull. |
| Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus | Gray-hooded Gull. |
| Chroicocephalus ridibundus | Black-headed Gull. |
| Hydrocoloeus minutus | Little Gull. |
| Rhodostethia rosea | Ross’s Gull. |
| Leucophaeus atricilla | Laughing Gull. |
| Leucophaeus pipixcan | Franklin’s Gull. |
| Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus | Pallas’s Gull. |
| Larus belcheri | Belcher’s Gull. |
| Larus crassirostris | Black-tailed Gull. |
| Larus heermanni | Heermann’s Gull. |
| Larus canus | Common Gull. |
| Larus brachyrhynchus | Short-billed Gull. |
| Larus delawarensis | Ring-billed Gull. |
| Larus occidentalis | Western Gull. |
| Larus livens | Yellow-footed Gull. |
| Larus californicus | California Gull. |
| Larus argentatus | Herring Gull. |
| Larus michahellis | Yellow-legged Gull. |
| Larus glaucoides | Iceland Gull. |
| Larus fuscus | Lesser Black-backed Gull. |
| Larus schistisagus | Slaty-backed Gull. |
| Larus glaucescens | Glaucous-winged Gull. |
| Larus hyperboreus | Glaucous Gull. |
| Larus marinus | Great Black-backed Gull. |
| Larus dominicanus | Kelp Gull. |
| (2) Subfamily Sterninae | |
| Anous stolidus | Brown Noddy. |
| Anous minutus | Black Noddy. |
| Anous ceruleus | Blue-gray Noddy. |
| Gygis alba | White Tern. |
| Onychoprion fuscatus | Sooty Tern. |
| Onychoprion lunatus | Gray-backed Tern. |
| Onychoprion anaethetus | Bridled Tern. |
| Onychoprion aleuticus | Aleutian Tern. |
| Sternula albifrons | Little Tern. |
| Sternula antillarum | Least Tern. |
| Phaetusa simplex | Large-billed Tern. |
| Gelochelidon nilotica | Gull-billed Tern. |
| Hydroprogne caspia | Caspian Tern. |
| Larosterna inca | Inca Tern. |
| Chlidonias niger | Black Tern. |
| Chlidonias leucopterus | White-winged Tern. |
| Chlidonias hybrida | Whiskered Tern. |
| Sterna dougallii | Roseate Tern. |
| Sterna sumatrana | Black-naped Tern. |
| Sterna hirundo | Common Tern. |
| Sterna paradisaea | Arctic Tern. |
| Sterna forsteri | Forster’s Tern. |
| Thalasseus maximus | Royal Tern. |
| Thalasseus bergii | Great Crested Tern. |
| Thalasseus sandvicensis | Sandwich Tern. |
| Thalasseus elegans | Elegant Tern. |
| (3) Subfamily Rynchopinae | |
| Rynchops niger | Black Skimmer. |
| (x) Order Phaethontiformes | |
| Family Phaethontidae | |
| Phaethon lepturus | White-tailed Tropicbird. |
| Phaethon aethereus | Red-billed Tropicbird. |
| Phaethon rubricauda | Red-tailed Tropicbird. |
| (xi) Order Gaviiformes | |
| Family Gaviidae | |
| Gavia stellata | Red-throated Loon. |
| Gavia arctica | Arctic Loon. |
| Gavia pacifica | Pacific Loon. |
| Gavia immer | Common Loon. |
| Gavia adamsii | Yellow-billed Loon. |
| (xii) Order Procellariiformes | |
| (A) Family Diomedeidae | |
| Thalassarche chlororhynchos | Yellow-nosed Albatross. |
| Thalassarche cauta | White-capped Albatross. |
| Thalassarche eremita | Chatham Albatross. |
| Thalassarche salvini | Salvin’s Albatross. |
| Thalassarche melanophris | Black-browed Albatross. |
| Phoebetria palpebrata | Light-mantled Albatross. |
| Diomedea exulans | Wandering Albatross. |
| Phoebastria immutabilis | Laysan Albatross. |
| Phoebastria nigripes | Black-footed Albatross. |
| Phoebastria albatrus | Short-tailed Albatross. |
| (B) Family Oceanitidae | |
| Family Phaethontidae | |
| Oceanites oceanicus | Wilson’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Pelagodroma marina | White-faced Storm-Petrel. |
| Fregetta grallaria | White-bellied Storm-Petrel. |
| Fregetta tropica | Black-bellied Storm-Petrel. |
| Nesofregetta fuliginosa | Polynesian Storm-Petrel. |
| (C) Family Hydrobatidae | |
| Hydrobates pelagicus | European Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates furcatus | Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates hornbyi | Ringed Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates monorhis | Swinhoe’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates leucorhous | Leach’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates socorroensis | Townsend’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates homochroa | Ashy Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates castro | Band-rumped Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates tethys | Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates melania | Black Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates matsudairae | Matsudaira’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates tristrami | Tristram’s Storm-Petrel. |
| Hydrobates microsoma | Least Storm-Petrel. |
| (D) Family Procellariidae | |
| Macronectes halli | Northern Giant-Petrel. |
| Fulmarus glacialis | Northern Fulmar. |
| Pterodroma gouldi | Gray-faced Petrel. |
| Pterodroma solandri | Providence Petrel. |
| Pterodroma neglecta | Kermadec Petrel. |
| Pterodroma arminjoniana | Trindade Petrel. |
| Pterodroma heraldica | Herald Petrel. |
| Pterodroma ultima | Murphy’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma inexpectata | Mottled Petrel. |
| Pterodroma cahow | Bermuda Petrel. |
| Pterodroma hasitata | Black-capped Petrel. |
| Pterodroma externa | Juan Fernandez Petrel. |
| Pterodroma sandwichensis | Hawaiian Petrel. |
| Pterodroma cervicalis | White-necked Petrel. |
| Pterodroma hypoleuca | Bonin Petrel. |
| Pterodroma nigripennis | Black-winged Petrel. |
| Pterodroma feae | Fea’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma madeira | Zino’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma cookii | Cook’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma leucoptera | Gould’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma longirostris | Stejneger’s Petrel. |
| Pterodroma alba | Phoenix Petrel. |
| Pseudobulweria rostrata | Tahiti Petrel. |
| Bulweria bulwerii | Bulwer’s Petrel. |
| Bulweria fallax | Jouanin’s Petrel. |
| Procellaria aequinoctialis | White-chinned Petrel. |
| Procellaria parkinsoni | Parkinson’s Petrel. |
| Calonectris leucomelas | Streaked Shearwater. |
| Calonectris diomedea | Cory’s Shearwater. |
| Calonectris edwardsii | Cape Verde Shearwater. |
| Ardenna pacifica | Wedge-tailed Shearwater. |
| Ardenna bulleri | Buller’s Shearwater. |
| Ardenna tenuirostris | Short-tailed Shearwater. |
| Ardenna grisea | Sooty Shearwater. |
| Ardenna gravis | Great Shearwater. |
| Ardenna creatopus | Pink-footed Shearwater. |
| Ardenna carneipes | Flesh-footed Shearwater. |
| Puffinus nativitatis | Christmas Shearwater. |
| Puffinus puffinus | Manx Shearwater. |
| Puffinus newelli | Newell’s Shearwater. |
| Puffinus bryani | Bryan’s Shearwater. |
| Puffinus opisthomelas | Black-vented Shearwater. |
| Puffinus lherminieri | Audubon’s Shearwater. |
| Puffinus baroli | Barolo Shearwater. |
| (xiii) Order Ciconiiformes | |
| Family Ciconiidae | |
| Jabiru mycteria | Jabiru. |
| Mycteria americana | Wood Stork. |
| (xiv) Order Suliformes | |
| (A) Family Fregatidae | |
| Fregata ariel | Lesser Frigatebird. |
| Fregata magnificens | Magnificent Frigatebird. |
| Fregata minor | Great Frigatebird. |
| (B) Family Sulidae | |
| Sula dactylatra | Masked Booby. |
| Sula granti | Nazca Booby. |
| Sula nebouxii | Blue-footed Booby. |
| Sula leucogaster | Brown Booby. |
| Sula sula | Red-footed Booby. |
| Papasula abbotti | Abbott’s Booby. |
| Morus bassanus | Northern Gannet. |
| (C) Family Anhingidae | |
| Anhinga anhinga | Anhinga. |
| (D) Family Phalacrocoracidae | |
| Microcarbo melanoleucos | Little Pied Cormorant. |
| Urile penicillatus | Brandt’s Cormorant. |
| Urile urile | Red-faced Cormorant. |
| Urile pelagicus | Pelagic Cormorant. |
| Phalacrocorax carbo | Great Cormorant. |
| Nannopterum auritum | Double-crested Cormorant. |
| Nannopterum brasilianum | Neotropic Cormorant. |
| (xv) Order Pelecaniformes | |
| (A) Family Pelecanidae | |
| Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | American White Pelican. |
| Pelecanus occidentalis | Brown Pelican. |
| (B) Family Ardeidae | |
| Botaurus lentiginosus | American Bittern. |
| Ixobrychus sinensis | Yellow Bittern. |
| Ixobrychus exilis | Least Bittern. |
| Ixobrychus eurhythmus | Schrenck’s Bittern. |
| Ixobrychus flavicollis | Black Bittern. |
| Tigrisoma mexicanum | Bare-throated Tiger-Heron. |
| Ardea herodias | Great Blue Heron. |
| Ardea cinerea | Gray Heron. |
| Ardea alba | Great Egret. |
| Ardea intermedia | Intermediate Egret. |
| Egretta eulophotes | Chinese Egret. |
| Egretta garzetta | Little Egret. |
| Egretta sacra | Pacific Reef-Heron. |
| Egretta gularis | Western Reef-Heron. |
| Egretta thula | Snowy Egret. |
| Egretta caerulea | Little Blue Heron. |
| Egretta tricolor | Tricolored Heron. |
| Egretta rufescens | Reddish Egret. |
| Bubulcus ibis | Cattle Egret. |
| Ardeola bacchus | Chinese Pond-Heron. |
| Butorides virescens | Green Heron. |
| Nycticorax nycticorax | Black-crowned Night-Heron. |
| Nycticorax caledonicus | Nankeen Night-Heron. |
| Nyctanassa violacea | Yellow-crowned Night-Heron. |
| Gorsachius goisagi | Japanese Night-Heron. |
| Gorsachius melanolophus | Malayan Night-Heron. |
| (C) Family Threskiornithidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae | |
| Eudocimus albus | White Ibis. |
| Eudocimus ruber | Scarlet Ibis. |
| Plegadis falcinellus | Glossy Ibis. |
| Plegadis chihi | White-faced Ibis. |
| (2) Subfamily Plataleinae | |
| Platalea ajaja | Roseate Spoonbill. |
| (xvi) Order Carthartiformes | |
| Family Cathartidae | |
| Gymnogyps californianus | California Condor. |
| Coragyps atratus | Black Vulture. |
| Cathartes aura | Turkey Vulture. |
| (xvii) Order Accipitriformes | |
| (A) Family Pandionidae | |
| Pandion haliaetus | Osprey. |
| (B) Family Accipitridae | |
| (1) Subfamily Elaninae | |
| Elanus leucurus | White-tailed Kite. |
| (2) Subfamily Gypaetinae | |
| Chondrohierax uncinatus | Hook-billed Kite. |
| Elanoides forficatus | Swallow-tailed Kite. |
| (3) Subfamily Accipitrinae | |
| Aquila chrysaetos | Golden Eagle. |
| Harpagus bidentatus | Double-toothed Kite. |
| Circus hudsonius | Northern Harrier. |
| Circus spilonotus | Eastern Marsh-Harrier. |
| Accipiter soloensis | Chinese Sparrowhawk. |
| Accipiter gularis | Japanese Sparrowhawk. |
| Accipiter striatus | Sharp-shinned Hawk. |
| Accipiter cooperii | Cooper’s Hawk. |
| Accipiter gentilis | Northern Goshawk. |
| Milvus migrans | Black Kite. |
| Haliaeetus leucocephalus | Bald Eagle. |
| Haliaeetus albicilla | White-tailed Eagle. |
| Haliaeetus pelagicus | Steller’s Sea-Eagle. |
| Ictinia mississippiensis | Mississippi Kite. |
| Butastur indicus | Gray-faced Buzzard. |
| Geranospiza caerulescens | Crane Hawk. |
| Rostrhamus sociabilis | Snail Kite. |
| Buteogallus anthracinus | Common Black Hawk. |
| Buteogallus urubitinga | Great Black Hawk. |
| Rupornis magnirostris | Roadside Hawk. |
| Parabuteo unicinctus | Harris’s Hawk. |
| Geranoaetus albicaudatus | White-tailed Hawk. |
| Buteo plagiatus | Gray Hawk. |
| Buteo lineatus | Red-shouldered Hawk. |
| Buteo platypterus | Broad-winged Hawk. |
| Buteo solitarius | Hawaiian Hawk. |
| Buteo brachyurus | Short-tailed Hawk. |
| Buteo swainsoni | Swainson’s Hawk. |
| Buteo albonotatus | Zone-tailed Hawk. |
| Buteo jamaicensis | Red-tailed Hawk. |
| Buteo lagopus | Rough-legged Hawk. |
| Buteo regalis | Ferruginous Hawk. |
| Buteo rufinus | Long-legged Buzzard. |
| (xviii) Order Strigiformes | |
| (A) Family Tytonidae | |
| Tyto alba | Barn Owl. |
| (B) Family Strigidae | |
| Otus sunia | Oriental Scops-Owl. |
| Psiloscops flammeolus | Flammulated Owl. |
| Gymnasio nudipes | Puerto Rican Owl. |
| Megascops trichopsis | Whiskered Screech-Owl. |
| Megascops kennicottii | Western Screech-Owl. |
| Megascops asio | Eastern Screech-Owl. |
| Bubo virginianus | Great Horned Owl. |
| Bubo scandiacus | Snowy Owl. |
| Surnia ulula | Northern Hawk Owl. |
| Glaucidium gnoma | Northern Pygmy-Owl. |
| Glaucidium brasilianum | Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl. |
| Micrathene whitneyi | Elf Owl. |
| Athene cunicularia | Burrowing Owl. |
| Strix occidentalis | Spotted Owl. |
| Strix varia | Barred Owl. |
| Strix virgata | Mottled Owl. |
| Strix nebulosa | Great Gray Owl. |
| Asio otus | Long-eared Owl. |
| Asio stygius | Stygian Owl. |
| Asio flammeus | Short-eared Owl. |
| Aegolius funereus | Boreal Owl. |
| Aegolius acadicus | Northern Saw-whet Owl. |
| Ninox japonica | Northern Boobook. |
| (xix) Order Trogoniformes | |
| Family Trogonidae | |
| Subfamily Trogoninae | |
| Trogon elegans | Elegant Trogon. |
| Euptilotis neoxenus | Eared Quetzal. |
| (xx) Order Upupiformes | |
| Family Upupidae | |
| Upupa epops | Eurasian Hoopoe. |
| (xxi) Order Coraciiformes | |
| Family Alcedinidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Alcedininae | |
| Alcedo atthis | Common Kingfisher. |
| (2) Subfamily Halcyoninae | |
| Todiramphus sacer | Pacific Kingfisher. |
| Todiramphus cinnamominus | Guam Kingfisher. |
| Todiramphus albicilla | Mariana Kingfisher. |
| (3) Subfamily Cerylinae | |
| Megaceryle torquata | Ringed Kingfisher. |
| Megaceryle alcyon | Belted Kingfisher. |
| Chloroceryle amazona | Amazon Kingfisher. |
| Chloroceryle americana | Green Kingfisher. |
| (xxii) Order Piciformes | |
| Family Picidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Jynginae | |
| Jynx torquilla | Eurasian Wryneck. |
| (2) Subfamily Picinae | |
| Melanerpes lewis | Lewis’s Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes portoricensis | Puerto Rican Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus | Red-headed Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes formicivorus | Acorn Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes uropygialis | Gila Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes aurifrons | Golden-fronted Woodpecker. |
| Melanerpes carolinus | Red-bellied Woodpecker. |
| Sphyrapicus thyroideus | Williamson’s Sapsucker. |
| Sphyrapicus varius | Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. |
| Sphyrapicus nuchalis | Red-naped Sapsucker. |
| Sphyrapicus ruber | Red-breasted Sapsucker. |
| Picoides dorsalis | American Three-toed Woodpecker. |
| Picoides arcticus | Black-backed Woodpecker. |
| Dendrocopos major | Great Spotted Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates pubescens | Downy Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates nuttallii | Nuttall’s Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates scalaris | Ladder-backed Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates borealis | Red-cockaded Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates villosus | Hairy Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates albolarvatus | White-headed Woodpecker. |
| Dryobates arizonae | Arizona Woodpecker. |
| Colaptes auratus | Northern Flicker. |
| Colaptes chrysoides | Gilded Flicker. |
| Dryocopus pileatus | Pileated Woodpecker. |
| Campephilus principalis | Ivory-billed Woodpecker. |
| (xxiii) Order Falconiformes | |
| Family Falconidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae | |
| Micrastur semitorquatus | Collared Forest-Falcon. |
| (2) Subfamily Falconinae | |
| Caracara plancus | Crested Caracara. |
| Falco tinnunculus | Eurasian Kestrel. |
| Falco sparverius | American Kestrel. |
| Falco vespertinus | Red-footed Falcon. |
| Falco amurensis | Amur Falcon. |
| Falco columbarius | Merlin. |
| Falco subbuteo | Eurasian Hobby. |
| Falco femoralis | Aplomado Falcon. |
| Falco rusticolus | Gyrfalcon. |
| Falco peregrinus | Peregrine Falcon. |
| Falco mexicanus | Prairie Falcon. |
| (xxiv) Order Passeriformes | |
| (A) Family Tityridae | |
| Tityra semifasciata | Masked Tityra. |
| Pachyramphus major | Gray-collared Becard. |
| Pachyramphus aglaiae | Rose-throated Becard. |
| (B) Family Tyrannidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Elaeniinae | |
| Camptostoma imberbe | Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet. |
| Myiopagis viridicata | Greenish Elaenia. |
| Elaenia martinica | Caribbean Elaenia. |
| Elaenia albiceps | White-crested Elaenia. |
| Elaenia parvirostris | Small-billed Elaenia. |
| (2) Subfamily Tyranninae | |
| Myiarchus tuberculifer | Dusky-capped Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus cinerascens | Ash-throated Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus nuttingi | Nutting’s Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus crinitus | Great Crested Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus tyrannulus | Brown-crested Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus sagrae | La Sagra’s Flycatcher. |
| Myiarchus antillarum | Puerto Rican Flycatcher. |
| Pitangus sulphuratus | Great Kiskadee. |
| Myiozetetes similis | Social Flycatcher. |
| Myiodynastes luteiventris | Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher. |
| Legatus leucophaius | Piratic Flycatcher. |
| Empidonomus varius | Variegated Flycatcher. |
| Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus | Crowned Slaty Flycatcher. |
| Tyrannus melancholicus | Tropical Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus couchii | Couch’s Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus vociferans | Cassin’s Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus crassirostris | Thick-billed Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus verticalis | Western Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus tyrannus | Eastern Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus dominicensis | Gray Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus caudifasciatus | Loggerhead Kingbird. |
| Tyrannus forficatus | Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. |
| Tyrannus savana | Fork-tailed Flycatcher. |
| (3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae | |
| Mitrephanes phaeocercus | Tufted Flycatcher. |
| Contopus cooperi | Olive-sided Flycatcher. |
| Contopus pertinax | Greater Pewee. |
| Contopus sordidulus | Western Wood-Pewee. |
| Contopus virens | Eastern Wood-Pewee. |
| Contopus caribaeus | Cuban Pewee. |
| Contopus hispaniolensis | Hispaniolan Pewee. |
| Contopus latirostris | Lesser Antillean Pewee. |
| Empidonax flaviventris | Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax virescens | Acadian Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax alnorum | Alder Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax traillii | Willow Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax minimus | Least Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax hammondii | Hammond’s Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax wrightii | Gray Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax oberholseri | Dusky Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax affinis | Pine Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax difficilis | Pacific-slope Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax occidentalis | Cordilleran Flycatcher. |
| Empidonax fulvifrons | Buff-breasted Flycatcher. |
| Sayornis nigricans | Black Phoebe. |
| Sayornis phoebe | Eastern Phoebe. |
| Sayornis saya | Say’s Phoebe. |
| Pyrocephalus rubinus | Vermilion Flycatcher. |
| (C) Family Vireonidae | |
| Vireo atricapilla | Black-capped Vireo. |
| Vireo griseus | White-eyed Vireo. |
| Vireo crassirostris | Thick-billed Vireo. |
| Vireo gundlachii | Cuban Vireo. |
| Vireo latimeri | Puerto Rican Vireo. |
| Vireo bellii | Bell’s Vireo. |
| Vireo vicinior | Gray Vireo. |
| Vireo huttoni | Hutton’s Vireo. |
| Vireo flavifrons | Yellow-throated Vireo. |
| Vireo cassinii | Cassin’s Vireo. |
| Vireo solitarius | Blue-headed Vireo. |
| Vireo plumbeus | Plumbeous Vireo. |
| Vireo philadelphicus | Philadelphia Vireo. |
| Vireo gilvus | Warbling Vireo. |
| Vireo olivaceus | Red-eyed Vireo. |
| Vireo flavoviridis | Yellow-green Vireo. |
| Vireo altiloquus | Black-whiskered Vireo. |
| Vireo magister | Yucatan Vireo. |
| (D) Family Laniidae | |
| Lanius cristatus | Brown Shrike. |
| Lanius ludovicianus | Loggerhead Shrike. |
| Lanius borealis | Northern Shrike. |
| (E) Family Corvidae | |
| Perisoreus canadensis | Canada Jay. |
| Psilorhinus morio | Brown Jay. |
| Cyanocorax yncas | Green Jay. |
| Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus | Pinyon Jay. |
| Cyanocitta stelleri | Steller’s Jay. |
| Cyanocitta cristata | Blue Jay. |
| Aphelocoma coerulescens | Florida Scrub-Jay. |
| Aphelocoma insularis | Island Scrub-Jay. |
| Aphelocoma californica | California Scrub-Jay. |
| Aphelocoma woodhouseii | Woodhouse’s Scrub-Jay. |
| Aphelocoma wollweberi | Mexican Jay. |
| Nucifraga columbiana | Clark’s Nutcracker. |
| Pica hudsonia | Black-billed Magpie. |
| Pica nuttalli | Yellow-billed Magpie. |
| Corvus monedula | Eurasian Jackdaw. |
| Corvus kubaryi | Mariana Crow. |
| Corvus brachyrhynchos | American Crow. |
| Corvus leucognaphalus | White-necked Crow. |
| Corvus imparatus | Tamaulipas Crow. |
| Corvus ossifragus | Fish Crow. |
| Corvus hawaiiensis | Hawaiian Crow. |
| Corvus cryptoleucus | Chihuahuan Raven. |
| Corvus corax | Common Raven. |
| (F) Family Remizidae | |
| Auriparus flaviceps | Verdin. |
| (G) Family Paridae | |
| Poecile carolinensis | Carolina Chickadee. |
| Poecile atricapillus | Black-capped Chickadee. |
| Poecile gambeli | Mountain Chickadee. |
| Poecile sclateri | Mexican Chickadee. |
| Poecile rufescens | Chestnut-backed Chickadee. |
| Poecile hudsonicus | Boreal Chickadee. |
| Poecile cinctus | Gray-headed Chickadee. |
| Baeolophus wollweberi | Bridled Titmouse. |
| Baeolophus inornatus | Oak Titmouse. |
| Baeolophus ridgwayi | Juniper Titmouse. |
| Baeolophus bicolor | Tufted Titmouse. |
| Baeolophus atricristatus | Black-crested Titmouse. |
| (H) Family Alaudidae | |
| Alauda arvensis | Eurasian Skylark. |
| Eremophila alpestris | Horned Lark. |
| (I) Family Acrocephalidae | |
| Arundinax aedon | Thick-billed Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus luscinius | Nightingale Reed Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus hiwae | Saipan Reed Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus nijoi | Aguiguan Reed Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus yamashinae | Pagan Reed Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus familiaris | Millerbird. |
| Acrocephalus schoenobaenus | Sedge Warbler. |
| Acrocephalus dumetorum | Blyth’s Reed Warbler. |
| (J) Family Locustellidae | |
| Helopsaltes certhiola | Pallas’s Grasshopper Warbler. |
| Helopsaltes ochotensis | Middendorff’s Grasshopper Warbler. |
| Locustella lanceolata | Lanceolated Warbler. |
| Locustella fluviatilis | River Warbler. |
| (K) Family Hirundinidae | |
| Subfamily Hirundininae | |
| Riparia riparia | Bank Swallow. |
| Tachycineta bicolor | Tree Swallow. |
| Tachycineta cyaneoviridis | Bahama Swallow. |
| Tachycineta thalassina | Violet-green Swallow. |
| Tachycineta albilinea | Mangrove Swallow. |
| Pygochelidon cyanoleuca | Blue-and-white Swallow. |
| Stelgidopteryx serripennis | Northern Rough-winged Swallow. |
| Progne tapera | Brown-chested Martin. |
| Progne subis | Purple Martin. |
| Progne elegans | Southern Martin. |
| Progne chalybea | Gray-breasted Martin. |
| Progne cryptoleuca | Cuban Martin. |
| Progne dominicensis | Caribbean Martin. |
| Hirundo rustica | Barn Swallow. |
| Delichon urbicum | Common House-Martin. |
| Petrochelidon pyrrhonota | Cliff Swallow. |
| Petrochelidon fulva | Cave Swallow. |
| (L) Family Aegithalidae | |
| Psaltriparus minimus | Bushtit. |
| (M) Family Phylloscopidae | |
| Phylloscopus trochilus | Willow Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus collybita | Common Chiffchaff. |
| Phylloscopus sibilatrix | Wood Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus fuscatus | Dusky Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus proregulus | Pallas’s Leaf Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus inornatus | Yellow-browed Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus borealis | Arctic Warbler. |
| Phylloscopus examinandus | Kamchatka Leaf Warbler. |
| (N) Family Sylviidae | |
| Sylvia curruca | Lesser Whitethroat. |
| Chamaea fasciata | Wrentit. |
| (O) Family Regulidae | |
| Corthylio calendula | Ruby-crowned Kinglet. |
| Regulus satrapa | Golden-crowned Kinglet. |
| (P) Family Bombycillidae | |
| Bombycilla garrulus | Bohemian Waxwing. |
| Bombycilla cedrorum | Cedar Waxwing. |
| (Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae | |
| Ptiliogonys cinereus | Gray Silky-flycatcher. |
| Phainopepla nitens | Phainopepla. |
| (R) Family Sittidae | |
| Subfamily Sittinae | |
| Sitta canadensis | Red-breasted Nuthatch. |
| Sitta carolinensis | White-breasted Nuthatch. |
| Sitta pygmaea | Pygmy Nuthatch. |
| Sitta pusilla | Brown-headed Nuthatch. |
| (S) Family Certhiidae | |
| Subfamily Certhiinae | |
| Certhia americana | Brown Creeper. |
| (T) Family Polioptilidae | |
| Polioptila caerulea | Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. |
| Polioptila melanura | Black-tailed Gnatcatcher. |
| Polioptila californica | California Gnatcatcher. |
| Polioptila nigriceps | Black-capped Gnatcatcher. |
| (U) Family Troglodytidae | |
| Salpinctes obsoletus | Rock Wren. |
| Catherpes mexicanus | Canyon Wren. |
| Thryophilus sinaloa | Sinaloa Wren. |
| Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus | Cactus Wren. |
| Thryomanes bewickii | Bewick’s Wren. |
| Thryothorus ludovicianus | Carolina Wren. |
| Troglodytes aedon | House Wren. |
| Troglodytes pacificus | Pacific Wren. |
| Troglodytes hiemalis | Winter Wren. |
| Cistothorus stellaris | Sedge Wren. |
| Cistothorus palustris | Marsh Wren. |
| (V) Family Mimidae | |
| Melanotis caerulescens | Blue Mockingbird. |
| Melanoptila glabrirostris | Black Catbird. |
| Dumetella carolinensis | Gray Catbird. |
| Margarops fuscatus | Pearly-eyed Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma curvirostre | Curve-billed Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma rufum | Brown Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma longirostre | Long-billed Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma bendirei | Bendire’s Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma redivivum | California Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma lecontei | LeConte’s Thrasher. |
| Toxostoma crissale | Crissal Thrasher. |
| Oreoscoptes montanus | Sage Thrasher. |
| Mimus gundlachii | Bahama Mockingbird. |
| Mimus polyglottos | Northern Mockingbird. |
| (W) Family Sturnidae | |
| Agropsar philippensis | Chestnut-cheeked Starling. |
| Spodiopsar cineraceus | White-cheeked Starling. |
| (X) Family Cinclidae | |
| Cinclus mexicanus | American Dipper. |
| (Y) Family Turdidae | |
| Sialia sialis | Eastern Bluebird. |
| Sialia mexicana | Western Bluebird. |
| Sialia currucoides | Mountain Bluebird. |
| Myadestes townsendi | Townsend’s Solitaire. |
| Myadestes occidentalis | Brown-backed Solitaire. |
| Myadestes myadestinus | Kāma’o. |
| Myadestes lanaiensis | Oloma’o. |
| Myadestes obscurus | ‘Ōma’o. |
| Myadestes palmeri | Puaiohi. |
| Catharus aurantiirostris | Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush. |
| Catharus mexicanus | Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush. |
| Catharus fuscescens | Veery. |
| Catharus minimus | Gray-cheeked Thrush. |
| Catharus bicknelli | Bicknell’s Thrush. |
| Catharus ustulatus | Swainson’s Thrush. |
| Catharus guttatus | Hermit Thrush. |
| Hylocichla mustelina | Wood Thrush. |
| Turdus obscurus | Eyebrowed Thrush. |
| Turdus eunomus | Dusky Thrush. |
| Turdus naumanni | Naumann’s Thrush. |
| Turdus pilaris | Fieldfare. |
| Turdus iliacus | Redwing. |
| Turdus grayi | Clay-colored Thrush. |
| Turdus assimilis | White-throated Thrush. |
| Turdus rufopalliatus | Rufous-backed Robin. |
| Turdus migratorius | American Robin. |
| Turdus plumbeus | Red-legged Thrush. |
| Ixoreus naevius | Varied Thrush. |
| Ridgwayia pinicola | Aztec Thrush. |
| (Z) Family Muscicapidae | |
| Muscicapa griseisticta | Gray-streaked Flycatcher. |
| Muscicapa dauurica | Asian Brown Flycatcher. |
| Muscicapa striata | Spotted Flycatcher. |
| Muscicapa sibirica | Dark-sided Flycatcher. |
| Erithacus rubecula | European Robin. |
| Larvivora cyane | Siberian Blue Robin. |
| Larvivora sibilans | Rufous-tailed Robin. |
| Cyanecula svecica | Bluethroat. |
| Calliope calliope | Siberian Rubythroat. |
| Tarsiger cyanurus | Red-flanked Bluetail. |
| Ficedula narcissina | Narcissus Flycatcher. |
| Ficedula mugimaki | Mugimaki Flycatcher. |
| Ficedula albicilla | Taiga Flycatcher. |
| Phoenicurus phoenicurus | Common Redstart. |
| Saxicola maurus | Asian Stonechat. |
| Oenanthe oenanthe | Northern Wheatear. |
| Oenanthe pleschanka | Pied Wheatear. |
| Monticola solitarius | Blue Rock-Thrush. |
| (AA) Family Peucedramidae | |
| Peucedramus taeniatus | Olive Warbler. |
| (BB) Family Prunellidae | |
| Prunella montanella | Siberian Accentor. |
| (CC) Family Motacillidae | |
| Motacilla tschutschensis | Eastern Yellow Wagtail. |
| Motacilla citreola | Citrine Wagtail. |
| Motacilla cinerea | Gray Wagtail. |
| Motacilla alba | White Wagtail. |
| Anthus trivialis | Tree Pipit. |
| Anthus hodgsoni | Olive-backed Pipit. |
| Anthus gustavi | Pechora Pipit. |
| Anthus cervinus | Red-throated Pipit. |
| Anthus rubescens | American Pipit. |
| Anthus spragueii | Sprague’s Pipit. |
| (DD) Family Fringillidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Fringillinae | |
| Fringilla coelebs | Common Chaffinch. |
| Fringilla montifringilla | Brambling. |
| (2) Subfamily Euphoniinae | |
| Chlorophonia musica | Antillean Euphonia. |
| (3) Subfamily Carduelinae | |
| Coccothraustes vespertinus | Evening Grosbeak. |
| Coccothraustes coccothraustes | Hawfinch. |
| Carpodacus erythrinus | Common Rosefinch. |
| Carpodacus roseus | Pallas’s Rosefinch. |
| Melamprosops phaeosoma | Po’ouli. |
| Oreomystis bairdi | ‘Akikiki. |
| Paroreomyza maculata | O’ahu ‘Alauahio. |
| Paroreomyza flammea | Kākāwahie. |
| Paroreomyza montana | Maui ‘Alauahio. |
| Loxioides bailleui | Palila. |
| Telespiza cantans | Laysan Finch. |
| Telespiza ultima | Nihoa Finch. |
| Palmeria dolei | ‘Akohekohe. |
| Himatione fraithii | Laysan Honeycreeper. |
| Himatione sanguinea | ‘Apapane. |
| Drepanis coccinea | ‘I’iwi. |
| Psittirostra psittacea | ‘Ō’ū. |
| Pseudonestor xanthophrys | Maui Parrotbill. |
| Hemignathus hanapepe | Kauai Nukupu’u. |
| Hemignathus lucidus | O’ahu Nukupu’u. |
| Hemignathus affinis | Maui Nukupu’u. |
| Hemignathus wilsoni | ‘Akiapola’au. |
| Akialoa stejnegeri | Kauai ‘Akialoa. |
| Akialoa ellisiana | O’ahu ‘Akialoa. |
| Akialoa lanaiensis | Maui Nui ‘Akialoa. |
| Magumma parva | ‘Anianiau. |
| Chlorodrepanis virens | Hawaii ‘Amakihi. |
| Chlorodrepanis flava | O’ahu ‘Amakihi. |
| Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri | Kaua’i ‘Amakihi. |
| Loxops mana | Hawaii Creeper. |
| Loxops caeruleirostris | ‘Akeke’e. |
| Loxops wolstenholmei | O’ahu ‘Akepa. |
| Loxops ochraceus | Maui ‘Akepa. |
| Loxops coccineus | Hawaii ‘Akepa. |
| Pinicola enucleator | Pine Grosbeak. |
| Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Eurasian Bullfinch. |
| Leucosticte arctoa | Asian Rosy-Finch. |
| Leucosticte tephrocotis | Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch. |
| Leucosticte atrata | Black Rosy-Finch. |
| Leucosticte australis | Brown-capped Rosy-Finch. |
| Haemorhous mexicanus | House Finch. |
| Haemorhous purpureus | Purple Finch. |
| Haemorhous cassinii | Cassin’s Finch. |
| Chloris sinica | Oriental Greenfinch. |
| Acanthis flammea | Common Redpoll. |
| Acanthis hornemanni | Hoary Redpoll. |
| Loxia curvirostra | Red Crossbill. |
| Loxia sinesciuris | Cassia Crossbill. |
| Loxia leucoptera | White-winged Crossbill. |
| Spinus spinus | Eurasian Siskin. |
| Spinus pinus | Pine Siskin. |
| Spinus psaltria | Lesser Goldfinch. |
| Spinus lawrencei | Lawrence’s Goldfinch. |
| Spinus tristis | American Goldfinch. |
| (EE) Family Calcariidae | |
| Calcarius lapponicus | Lapland Longspur. |
| Calcarius ornatus | Chestnut-collared Longspur. |
| Calcarius pictus | Smith’s Longspur. |
| Rhynchophanes mccownii | Thick-billed Longspur. |
| Plectrophenax nivalis | Snow Bunting. |
| Plectrophenax hyperboreus | McKay’s Bunting. |
| (FF) Family Emberizidae | |
| Emberiza leucocephalos | Pine Bunting. |
| Emberiza chrysophrys | Yellow-browed Bunting. |
| Emberiza pusilla | Little Bunting. |
| Emberiza rustica | Rustic Bunting. |
| Emberiza elegans | Yellow-throated Bunting. |
| Emberiza aureola | Yellow-breasted Bunting. |
| Emberiza variabilis | Gray Bunting. |
| Emberiza pallasi | Pallas’s Bunting. |
| Emberiza schoeniclus | Reed Bunting. |
| (GG) Family Passerellidae | |
| Peucaea carpalis | Rufous-winged Sparrow. |
| Peucaea botterii | Botteri’s Sparrow. |
| Peucaea cassinii | Cassin’s Sparrow. |
| Peucaea aestivalis | Bachman’s Sparrow. |
| Ammodramus savannarum | Grasshopper Sparrow. |
| Arremonops rufivirgatus | Olive Sparrow. |
| Amphispizopsis quinquestriata | Five-striped Sparrow. |
| Amphispiza bilineata | Black-throated Sparrow. |
| Chondestes grammacus | Lark Sparrow. |
| Calamospiza melanocorys | Lark Bunting. |
| Spizella passerina | Chipping Sparrow. |
| Spizella pallida | Clay-colored Sparrow. |
| Spizella atrogularis | Black-chinned Sparrow. |
| Spizella pusilla | Field Sparrow. |
| Spizella breweri | Brewer’s Sparrow. |
| Spizella wortheni | Worthen’s Sparrow. |
| Passerella iliaca | Fox Sparrow. |
| Spizelloides arborea | American Tree Sparrow. |
| Junco hyemalis | Dark-eyed Junco. |
| Junco phaeonotus | Yellow-eyed Junco. |
| Zonotrichia leucophrys | White-crowned Sparrow. |
| Zonotrichia atricapilla | Golden-crowned Sparrow. |
| Zonotrichia querula | Harris’s Sparrow. |
| Zonotrichia albicollis | White-throated Sparrow. |
| Artemisiospiza nevadensis | Sagebrush Sparrow. |
| Artemisiospiza belli | Bell’s Sparrow. |
| Pooecetes gramineus | Vesper Sparrow. |
| Ammospiza leconteii | LeConte’s Sparrow. |
| Ammospiza maritima | Seaside Sparrow. |
| Ammospiza nelsoni | Nelson’s Sparrow. |
| Ammospiza caudacuta | Saltmarsh Sparrow. |
| Centronyx bairdii | Baird’s Sparrow. |
| Centronyx henslowii | Henslow’s Sparrow. |
| Passerculus sandwichensis | Savannah Sparrow. |
| Melospiza melodia | Song Sparrow. |
| Melospiza lincolnii | Lincoln’s Sparrow. |
| Melospiza georgiana | Swamp Sparrow. |
| Melozone fusca | Canyon Towhee. |
| Melozone aberti | Abert’s Towhee. |
| Melozone crissalis | California Towhee. |
| Aimophila ruficeps | Rufous-crowned Sparrow. |
| Pipilo chlorurus | Green-tailed Towhee. |
| Pipilo maculatus | Spotted Towhee. |
| Pipilo erythrophthalmus | Eastern Towhee. |
| (HH) Family Nesospingidae | |
| Nesospingus speculiferus | Puerto Rican Tanager. |
| (II) Family Spindalidae | |
| Spindalis zena | Western Spindalis. |
| Spindalis portoricensis | Puerto Rican Spindalis. |
| (JJ) Family Icteridae | |
| Icteria virens | Yellow-breasted Chat. |
| (1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae | |
| Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | Yellow-headed Blackbird. |
| (2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae | |
| Dolichonyx oryzivorus | Bobolink. |
| (3) Subfamily Sturnellinae | |
| Sturnella lilianae | Chihuahuan Meadowlark. |
| Sturnella magna | Eastern Meadowlark. |
| Sturnella neglecta | Western Meadowlark. |
| (4) Subfamily Icterinae | |
| Icterus portoricensis | Puerto Rican Oriole. |
| Icterus wagleri | Black-vented Oriole. |
| Icterus spurius | Orchard Oriole. |
| Icterus cucullatus | Hooded Oriole. |
| Icterus pustulatus | Streak-backed Oriole. |
| Icterus bullockii | Bullock’s Oriole. |
| Icterus gularis | Altamira Oriole. |
| Icterus graduacauda | Audubon’s Oriole. |
| Icterus galbula | Baltimore Oriole. |
| Icterus abeillei | Black-backed Oriole. |
| Icterus parisorum | Scott’s Oriole. |
| (5) Subfamily Agelaiinae | |
| Agelaius phoeniceus | Red-winged Blackbird. |
| Agelaius tricolor | Tricolored Blackbird. |
| Agelaius humeralis | Tawny-shouldered Blackbird. |
| Agelaius xanthomus | Yellow-shouldered Blackbird. |
| Molothrus bonariensis | Shiny Cowbird. |
| Molothrus aeneus | Bronzed Cowbird. |
| Molothrus ater | Brown-headed Cowbird. |
| Euphagus carolinus | Rusty Blackbird. |
| Euphagus cyanocephalus | Brewer’s Blackbird. |
| Quiscalus quiscula | Common Grackle. |
| Quiscalus major | Boat-tailed Grackle. |
| Quiscalus mexicanus | Great-tailed Grackle. |
| Quiscalus niger | Greater Antillean Grackle. |
| (KK) Family Parulidae | |
| Seiurus aurocapilla | Ovenbird. |
| Helmitheros vermivorum | Worm-eating Warbler. |
| Parkesia motacilla | Louisiana Waterthrush. |
| Parkesia noveboracensis | Northern Waterthrush. |
| Vermivora bachmanii | Bachman’s Warbler. |
| Vermivora chrysoptera | Golden-winged Warbler. |
| Vermivora cyanoptera | Blue-winged Warbler. |
| Mniotilta varia | Black-and-white Warbler. |
| Protonotaria citrea | Prothonotary Warbler. |
| Limnothlypis swainsonii | Swainson’s Warbler. |
| Oreothlypis superciliosa | Crescent-chested Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis peregrina | Tennessee Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis celata | Orange-crowned Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis crissalis | Colima Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis luciae | Lucy’s Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis ruficapilla | Nashville Warbler. |
| Leiothlypis virginiae | Virginia’s Warbler. |
| Oporornis agilis | Connecticut Warbler. |
| Geothlypis poliocephala | Gray-crowned Yellowthroat. |
| Geothlypis tolmiei | MacGillivray’s Warbler. |
| Geothlypis philadelphia | Mourning Warbler. |
| Geothlypis formosa | Kentucky Warbler. |
| Geothlypis trichas | Common Yellowthroat. |
| Setophaga angelae | Elfin-woods Warbler. |
| Setophaga citrina | Hooded Warbler. |
| Setophaga ruticilla | American Redstart. |
| Setophaga kirtlandii | Kirtland’s Warbler. |
| Setophaga tigrina | Cape May Warbler. |
| Setophaga cerulea | Cerulean Warbler. |
| Setophaga americana | Northern Parula. |
| Setophaga pitiayumi | Tropical Parula. |
| Setophaga magnolia | Magnolia Warbler. |
| Setophaga castanea | Bay-breasted Warbler. |
| Setophaga fusca | Blackburnian Warbler. |
| Setophaga petechia | Yellow Warbler. |
| Setophaga pensylvanica | Chestnut-sided Warbler. |
| Setophaga striata | Blackpoll Warbler. |
| Setophaga caerulescens | Black-throated Blue Warbler. |
| Setophaga palmarum | Palm Warbler. |
| Setophaga pinus | Pine Warbler. |
| Setophaga coronata | Yellow-rumped Warbler. |
| Setophaga dominica | Yellow-throated Warbler. |
| Setophaga discolor | Prairie Warbler. |
| Setophaga adelaidae | Adelaide’s Warbler. |
| Setophaga graciae | Grace’s Warbler. |
| Setophaga nigrescens | Black-throated Gray Warbler. |
| Setophaga townsendi | Townsend’s Warbler. |
| Setophaga occidentalis | Hermit Warbler. |
| Setophaga chrysoparia | Golden-cheeked Warbler. |
| Setophaga virens | Black-throated Green Warbler. |
| Basileuterus lachrymosus | Fan-tailed Warbler. |
| Basileuterus rufifrons | Rufous-capped Warbler. |
| Basileuterus culicivorus | Golden-crowned Warbler. |
| Cardellina canadensis | Canada Warbler. |
| Cardellina pusilla | Wilson’s Warbler. |
| Cardellina rubrifrons | Red-faced Warbler. |
| Myioborus pictus | Painted Redstart. |
| Myioborus miniatus | Slate-throated Redstart. |
| (LL) Family Cardinalidae | |
| Piranga flava | Hepatic Tanager. |
| Piranga rubra | Summer Tanager. |
| Piranga olivacea | Scarlet Tanager. |
| Piranga ludoviciana | Western Tanager. |
| Piranga bidentata | Flame-colored Tanager. |
| Rhodothraupis celaeno | Crimson-collared Grosbeak. |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | Northern Cardinal. |
| Cardinalis sinuatus | Pyrrhuloxia. |
| Pheucticus chrysopeplus | Yellow Grosbeak. |
| Pheucticus ludovicianus | Rose-breasted Grosbeak. |
| Pheucticus melanocephalus | Black-headed Grosbeak. |
| Cyanocompsa parellina | Blue Bunting. |
| Passerina caerulea | Blue Grosbeak. |
| Passerina amoena | Lazuli Bunting. |
| Passerina cyanea | Indigo Bunting. |
| Passerina versicolor | Varied Bunting. |
| Passerina ciris | Painted Bunting. |
| Spiza americana | Dickcissel. |
| (MM) Family Thraupidae | |
| (1) Subfamily Dacninae | |
| Cyanerpes cyaneus | Red-legged Honeycreeper. |
| (2) Subfamily Coerebinae | |
| Coereba flaveola | Bananaquit. |
| Tiaris olivaceus | Yellow-faced Grassquit. |
| Melopyrrha portoricensis | Puerto Rican Bullfinch. |
| Melanospiza bicolor | Black-faced Grassquit. |
| (3) Subfamily Sporophilinae | |
| Sporophila morelleti | Morelet’s Seedeater.” |
[78 FR 65850, Nov. 1, 2013, as amended at 85 FR 21290, Apr. 16, 2020; 88 FR 49317, July 31, 2023]
–from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-50/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-10/subpart-B/section-10.13 …
If you find a bird on the above list, then the penalties mentioned earlier apply.
There are other laws to which these penalties apply, so even though you don’t find the bird you are searching for on the list, it is possible that your quarry may still net you a hefty fine or prison sentence.
. . . . .
It is a regular land mine out there in our back yards. Better to make a peace offering than to wage war, I feel. For instance, I put up a bird feeder with birdseed in it on the back porch. Seems to work wonderfully well.
Then I tried a hummingbird feeder. That is also a huge success; hummingbirds everywhere!
In love, light and joy
This is Alice B. Clagett.
I Am of the Stars … and so are you!
Written and published on 1 June 2024; revised on 7 September 2025
Previous title of this blog: What If I Just Nuke All the Ravens and Songbirds! Will that Solve the Problem?
Music by Bohdan Kuzmin from Pixabay
“Wings of Your Freedom” – Pixabay Content License
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0). Attribution: By Alice B. Clagett.
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crime and crime prevention, law, law enforcement, Los Angeles, birds, Ravens, Songbirds, interspecies communication, my favorites, my favorites, miscellanea,






